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CBDC can enable programmable welfare payments with usage restrictions to prevent misuse.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Programmable CBDC allows conditional transfers: subsidies usable only for food, education, healthcare. Enhances policy effectiveness while requiring careful design to balance control with user autonomy.
Algorithmic efficiency improvements can reduce computing energy consumption without hardware changes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Optimized algorithms reduce computational complexity, lowering CPU/GPU usage and energy. Examples: efficient ML models, database query optimization, caching strategies. Critical for sustainable software engineering.
Voluntary carbon markets allow corporations to purchase offsets for ESG commitments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Voluntary markets enable companies to buy carbon credits for net-zero pledges, beyond regulatory requirements. Quality concerns: additionality, permanence, double counting. Standards: Verra, Gold Standard ensure integrity.
Inter-satellite laser links enable data routing between LEO satellites without ground stations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Optical inter-satellite links create space-based backbone, reducing ground infrastructure needs and latency. Used in Starlink, OneWeb constellations. Critical for global broadband coverage and resilience.
Retail CBDC can coexist with commercial bank deposits without causing disintermediation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CBDC design can include holding limits, tiered remuneration, and intermediation models to preserve bank deposit role. Critical for financial stability while enabling digital payment innovation.
Stablecoins maintain value parity through reserves, algorithms, or hybrid mechanisms.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Stablecoin types: fiat-collateralized (USDC), crypto-collateralized (DAI), algorithmic (failed Terra). Regulatory focus: reserve transparency, redemption rights, systemic risk mitigation. Critical for crypto ecosystem understanding.
Edge computing can reduce overall energy consumption by processing data closer to source.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Edge computing reduces data transmission to cloud, lowering network energy use. Local processing enables real-time decisions with lower latency. Trade-off: managing distributed infrastructure complexity.
Article 6.4 of Paris Agreement establishes a centralized mechanism for international carbon trading.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 6.4 creates UN-supervised mechanism for trading emission reductions between countries, replacing CDM. Aims to ensure environmental integrity, avoid double counting, and support sustainable development.
Carbon credits represent one tonne of CO2 equivalent emission reduction or removal.
- True
- False
Answer: True
One carbon credit = 1 tonne CO2e reduced/removed. Traded in compliance markets (regulated caps) and voluntary markets (corporate ESG). Quality depends on additionality, permanence, and verification standards.
Cubesats are standardized small satellites measuring 10x10x10 cm per unit.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Cubesat standard (1U = 10x10x10 cm, up to 12U) enables low-cost access to space for research, technology demos, and education. India promotes Cubesats via ISRO and academic programs for capacity building.
The Artemis program aims to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon by late 2020s.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NASA's Artemis program: Artemis I (uncrewed test), Artemis II (crewed flyby), Artemis III (lunar landing). Includes Gateway lunar station and international partnerships. India signed Artemis Accords for cooperative exploration.
Geostationary satellites orbit at approximately 35,786 km above Earth's equator.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GEO satellites match Earth's rotation, appearing stationary from ground. Advantages: continuous coverage, simple ground equipment. Disadvantages: high latency (~250ms), polar coverage gaps. Critical for satellite communication planning.
Methane capture from landfills and agriculture reduces potent greenhouse gas emissions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Methane (CH4) has 28-36x global warming potential of CO2 over 100 years. Capture technologies: anaerobic digesters, landfill gas collection, rice cultivation alternatives. Critical for near-term climate mitigation.
Hash-based signatures like SPHINCS+ are considered quantum-resistant but have larger signature sizes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SPHINCS+ (NIST PQC standard) uses hash functions believed quantum-resistant. Trade-off: larger signatures (~8-49 KB) vs classical ECDSA (~64 bytes). Critical for bandwidth-constrained applications.
The principle of data minimization requires collecting only necessary personal information for AI training.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data minimization (DPDP Act, GDPR) limits collection to what's necessary for specified purpose. Reduces privacy risks, storage costs, and breach impact. Critical for responsible AI data practices.
India's crypto regulatory framework is fully comprehensive and finalized as of 2026.
- True
- False
Answer: False
India's crypto regulation is evolving: taxation (115BBH), AML (FIU registration), but comprehensive legislation pending. RBI, SEBI, MeitY coordinate on policy. Critical for understanding regulatory uncertainty.
Retail CBDC (e₹-R) transactions can be conducted via QR codes and mobile wallets.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e₹-R pilot supports P2P and P2M transactions via QR codes, mobile apps, and offline mode. Integrates with existing payment infrastructure for seamless user experience. Critical for digital payment evolution.
Carbon removal technologies like DAC and BECCS are essential for achieving net-zero emissions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Net-zero requires balancing residual emissions with carbon removal: DAC (direct air capture), BECCS (bioenergy with CCS), enhanced weathering. Critical for hard-to-abate sectors and historical emissions.
Lattice-based cryptography is considered resistant to both classical and quantum attacks.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lattice-based schemes (CRYSTALS-Kyber, Dilithium) rely on hardness of lattice problems believed resistant to quantum algorithms. Selected by NIST for PQC standardization. Critical for future-proofing cryptographic systems.
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques help non-technical users understand model predictions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
XAI methods (LIME, SHAP, attention visualization) provide interpretable explanations for AI decisions. Critical for trust, debugging, regulatory compliance, and user acceptance in high-stakes applications.