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True or False: Supercritical CO₂ extraction is used to obtain caffeine-free coffee and essential oils without toxic solvent residues.
- True
- False
Answer: True
scCO₂ is non-toxic, non-flammable, easily removed by depressurization. Selective extraction by tuning pressure/temperature. Widely adopted in food, pharma, cosmetics industries. Embodies green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Mainstreaming climate action into sectoral policies (energy, transport, agriculture) is essential for achieving India's NDCs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NDCs require cross-ministerial coordination: renewable targets (MNRE), EV promotion (DHI), climate-smart agriculture (MoA). NITI Aayog facilitates policy coherence. Critical for credible, implementable climate strategy. [[NITI Aayog, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: Space solar power concepts involve collecting solar energy in orbit and beaming it to Earth via microwaves or lasers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SBSP offers 24/7 baseload renewable power, independent of weather. Challenges: launch costs, in-space assembly, wireless power transmission efficiency. ISRO studies feasibility; global interest growing. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Neoantigen-based cancer vaccines are designed using tumor-specific mutations identified from a patient's genome.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Neoantigens arise from somatic mutations in tumors; personalized vaccines prime T cells to target them. mRNA platform enables rapid design. Clinical trials show promise in melanoma, glioblastoma. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: The ABDM Health Information Exchange (HIE) uses FHIR standards for seamless data sharing among healthcare systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is a global standard for exchanging electronic health records. ABDM adopts FHIR to ensure interoperability between public/private providers, labs, pharmacies. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]
True or False: Chemical recycling of plastics breaks polymers into monomers or feedstocks for producing new plastics.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization convert mixed/contaminated plastics to oils, syngas, monomers. Complements mechanical recycling; enables true circularity. India's Plastic Waste Management Rules encourage advanced recycling. [[MoEFCC Guidelines]]
True or False: NCERT has integrated climate change concepts across science and geography textbooks for school education.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NCERT curriculum includes climate science, impacts, mitigation/adaptation from middle school onwards. Aligns with NEP 2020's emphasis on sustainability literacy. Critical for building climate-aware citizens. [[NCERT, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: Multi-messenger astronomy combines gravitational waves with electromagnetic observations to study cosmic events.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GW170817: neutron star merger detected via LIGO/Virgo (GWs) and telescopes (gamma-rays, optical, radio). Enabled study of heavy element synthesis (kilonova), Hubble constant measurement. India's AstroSat contributed to EM follow-up. [[IUCAA, ISRO Reports]]
True or False: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can modulate gene expression by binding to target RNA and triggering degradation or splicing modification.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ASOs are short synthetic nucleic acids designed to hybridize with specific RNA sequences. Approved drugs: Nusinersen (spinal muscular atrophy), Eteplirsen (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Emerging modality for undruggable targets. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Data localization requirements aim to store citizens' data within national borders to enhance privacy and regulatory control.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data localization (e.g., RBI's payment data directive, DPDP Act provisions) seeks to protect citizen data, enable law enforcement access, foster domestic cloud infrastructure. Balances innovation, security, sovereignty. [[RBI, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Enzymatic bio-polishing of cotton uses cellulases to remove surface fibers, reducing pilling and improving softness.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Enzyme-based textile processing replaces harsh chemicals, reduces water/energy use. Cellulases, laccases, peroxidases used for bleaching, dyeing, finishing. Aligns with sustainable fashion goals; Indian textile industry adopting green tech. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Climate litigation cases in India have invoked fundamental rights (Articles 14, 21) to demand stronger climate action.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Indian courts have recognized right to healthy environment under Article 21. Cases challenge coal projects, air pollution, coastal regulation. Judicial activism complements policy efforts for climate justice. [[MoEFCC, Supreme Court Reports]]
True or False: Quantum error correction encodes logical qubits into multiple physical qubits to protect against decoherence.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QEC (e.g., surface codes) detects/corrects errors without measuring quantum state directly. Essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Active research area; India's National Quantum Mission includes QEC R&D. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Senolytics are drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells to delay age-related diseases.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Senescent cells accumulate with age, secreting inflammatory factors (SASP). Senolytics (e.g., dasatinib + quercetin) clear them, improving healthspan in preclinical models. Clinical trials ongoing for osteoarthritis, fibrosis. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: India's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) emphasizes responsible AI development with focus on inclusion, safety, and privacy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NITI Aayog's strategy (2018) identifies healthcare, agriculture, education, infrastructure, mobility as priority sectors. Principles: safety, reliability, inclusivity, transformation, accountability. Guides public-private AI initiatives. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with melting points lower than individual components.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DES: cheap, biodegradable, tunable solvents for extraction, catalysis, electrochemistry. Alternative to volatile organic solvents; aligns with green chemistry. Research ongoing in Indian institutions for biomass processing. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: The circular carbon economy framework emphasizes Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Remove (4R) for CO₂ management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
4R approach: Reduce emissions, Reuse CO₂ as feedstock, Recycle carbon in materials, Remove CO₂ via DAC/afforestation. Holistic strategy for net-zero; India advocates balanced implementation considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) offer enhanced safety features and flexibility compared to conventional large reactors.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SMRs (<300 MWe) use passive safety systems, factory fabrication, modular deployment. Suitable for remote areas, industrial heat, grid support. India's NPCIL is exploring SMR designs for domestic and export markets. [[DAE Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: SHERLOCK and DETECTR are CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms that detect nucleic acids with high specificity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
These platforms use Cas13/Cas12 collateral cleavage activated by target binding, coupled with reporter molecules. Enable rapid, portable detection of pathogens (viruses, bacteria), genetic mutations. Potential for point-of-care testing. [[DBT Reports, ICMR Guidelines]]
True or False: Digital twins of bridges or power grids enable predictive maintenance by simulating real-time sensor data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins integrate IoT sensors, AI, physics-based models to monitor asset health, predict failures, optimize operations. Used in smart cities, industrial plants, transportation. Reduces downtime, enhances safety. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]