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During a Financial Emergency under Article 360, the President can direct reduction of salaries of all government officials including Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if satisfied that India's financial stability or credit is threatened. During such emergency, the President can issue directions for reduction of salaries of all government officials, including Supreme Court and High Court Judges. However, a Financial Emergency has never been proclaimed in India.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies respectively.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX to the Constitution for Panchayats (rural local self-government), and the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IXA for Municipalities (urban local self-government). Both amendments gave constitutional status, mandatory elections, reservation provisions, and financial devolution to local bodies.
Directive Principles of State Policy are enforceable by courts.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by any court. However, they are fundamental in the governance of the country, and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws (Article 37).
A National Emergency under Article 352 can be proclaimed only on the written advice of the Cabinet.
- True
- False
Answer: True
After the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, the President can proclaim a National Emergency under Article 352 only after receiving a written recommendation from the Cabinet (not just the Prime Minister). This was done to prevent misuse of emergency powers as seen during 1975.
Right to Property is currently a Fundamental Right under the Indian Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right under Article 31. However, the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 removed it from Part III (Fundamental Rights) and made it a legal right under Article 300-A. It is no longer enforceable under Article 32.