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True or False: Electrofuels (e-fuels) are synthetic hydrocarbons produced using renewable electricity, CO₂, and water.
- True
- False
Answer: True
E-fuels: CO₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → hydrocarbons (methane, methanol, jet fuel) via electrolysis + catalysis. Drop-in replacement for fossil fuels in aviation, shipping; enables carbon recycling. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
True or False: A just energy transition ensures that workers and communities dependent on fossil fuels are supported during the shift to clean energy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Just transition principles: retraining, social protection, inclusive planning, regional development. India's coal-dependent regions (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh) require tailored strategies for equitable decarbonization. [[NITI Aayog, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: Spintronics exploits the electron's spin degree of freedom, in addition to its charge, for information processing.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Spin-based devices (MRAM, spin transistors) offer non-volatility, lower power, higher speed vs. charge-only electronics. Applications: high-density storage, quantum computing interfaces. Emerging field in condensed matter physics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: The first synthetic bacterial cell (JCVI-syn1.0) was created by assembling a chemically synthesized genome and transplanting it into a recipient cell.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Venter Institute (2010) synthesized Mycoplasma mycoides genome (~1.08 Mbp), transplanted into M. capricolum, creating first self-replicating synthetic cell. Milestone in synthetic biology with biosecurity implications. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) uses Health ID as a unique identifier for individuals across healthcare providers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ABDM's Health ID (voluntary) enables consent-based sharing of personal health records across hospitals, labs, pharmacies. Enhances continuity of care, reduces duplication, supports telemedicine. Core of India's digital health infrastructure. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]
True or False: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied photocatalyst for water splitting and pollutant degradation under UV light.
- True
- False
Answer: True
TiO₂ absorbs UV, generates electron-hole pairs that drive redox reactions: water → H₂ + O₂; organic pollutants → CO₂ + H₂O. Research focuses on visible-light activation via doping. Green chemistry application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: India's Deep Ocean Mission aims to explore polymetallic nodules and develop oceanic thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deep Ocean Mission (MoES) focuses on deep-sea mining, OTEC, desalination, biodiversity exploration. Supports blue economy goals: sustainable use of ocean resources for growth, livelihoods, ecosystem health. [[MoES Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
True or False: Hydrometallurgical processes use aqueous solutions to recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hydrometallurgy: leaching with acids/bases dissolves Li, Co, Ni, Mn; followed by solvent extraction, precipitation. More environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy. Critical for circular economy in EV supply chains. [[MoEFCC Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: India Stack is a set of open APIs and digital public goods that enable paperless, presence-less, and cashless service delivery.
- True
- False
Answer: True
India Stack includes Aadhaar (identity), UPI (payments), e-KYC, DigiLocker, Account Aggregator. Open, interoperable infrastructure fostering innovation in fintech, healthtech, edtech. Model for Global South. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) acknowledges varying national capabilities in addressing climate change.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CBDR (UNFCCC, 1992) recognizes historical emissions and development needs: developed countries take lead in mitigation/finance. Foundation for climate equity negotiations. India advocates CBDR in global forums. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
True or False: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an approved treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FMT restores healthy gut microbiota by transferring processed stool from a donor. Highly effective (>90%) for recurrent C. diff. Research ongoing for IBD, obesity, autism. Regulated by CDSCO in India. [[ICMR Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced by microbial fermentation of sugars or lipids.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PHAs are biodegradable polyesters synthesized by bacteria as carbon storage. Fully compostable, used in packaging, medical implants. Aligns with circular economy goals; India promotes R&D under National Biofuels Policy. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) aims to study atmospheric neutrinos using a magnetized iron calorimeter detector.
- True
- False
Answer: True
INO (proposed in Theni, Tamil Nadu) will house a 50-kton ICAL detector to study neutrino mass hierarchy and oscillation parameters. Neutrinos are elusive particles that can reveal fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: FAME India scheme promotes the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles through subsidies and infrastructure development.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) Phase II (2019) supports EV demand incentives, charging infrastructure, and technology development. Critical for reducing transport emissions. [[DHI, MoHUA Reports]]
True or False: Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of a population becomes immune to a disease, reducing its spread.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Herd immunity threshold depends on R₀ (basic reproduction number). Achieved via vaccination or prior infection. Protects vulnerable individuals unable to be vaccinated. Critical concept in public health. [[ICMR, MoHFW Guidelines]]
True or False: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) use organic dyes to absorb light and generate electricity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DSSCs mimic photosynthesis: dye molecules absorb photons, inject electrons into TiO₂ semiconductor, regenerated by electrolyte. Low-cost, flexible alternative to silicon PV; active research area. [[MNRE Reports]]
True or False: Flow chemistry improves reaction control and safety by conducting reactions in continuously flowing streams.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Flow reactors offer precise temperature/residence time control, easier scale-up, reduced waste, and safer handling of hazardous intermediates. Aligns with green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) aims to make six crore rural adults digitally literate.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PMGDISHA (2017) trains rural citizens in digital skills: operating devices, internet usage, digital payments, e-governance services. Key for inclusive digital India. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Pumped hydro storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage globally.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pumped hydro stores energy by pumping water uphill during low demand; releases through turbines during peak. Accounts for >90% of global grid storage capacity. India has several operational plants. [[MNRE Reports]]
True or False: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have high surface areas and are used for gas storage and separation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
MOFs are porous crystalline materials with tunable pores. Applications: hydrogen/methane storage, CO₂ capture, drug delivery, catalysis. Active area of materials chemistry research. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]