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The e-Taal portal provides real-time statistics on e-governance transactions across government departments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e-Taal (Electronic Transaction Aggregation and Analysis Layer) aggregates transaction data from government portals for monitoring and decision-making. Critical for digital governance analytics.
The concept of 'frugal innovation' develops affordable, accessible solutions for resource-constrained environments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Frugal innovation (Jugaad) emphasizes simplicity, affordability, and sustainability. India's strength in healthcare, agriculture, and fintech. Critical for inclusive development questions.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) reduces dependency on proprietary hardware by running network functions as software.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NFV virtualizes firewalls, load balancers, routers on commodity servers. Enables agility, cost reduction, and innovation. Critical for telecom modernization questions.
Secrets management tools securely store and rotate credentials, API keys, and certificates.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Secrets managers (HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager) encrypt, access-control, and auto-rotate secrets. Critical for preventing credential leaks and compliance.
Saga pattern manages distributed transactions across microservices using compensating actions for rollback.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Saga breaks transactions into local steps with compensating actions for failures. Avoids distributed locks. Critical for consistency in microservices architectures.
The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) aims to make government services accessible electronically to citizens.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NeGP (2006) launched Mission Mode Projects: e-District, e-Panchayat, CSCs. Foundation for Digital India's service delivery transformation.
The concept of 'digital twins' creates virtual replicas of physical systems for simulation and optimization.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins combine IoT, AI, and simulation to model physical assets: factories, cities, power grids. Enables predictive maintenance and scenario testing. Critical for Industry 4.0 questions.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses quantum physics principles to detect eavesdropping during key exchange.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QKD leverages no-cloning theorem and measurement disturbance to detect interception. Provides information-theoretic security for key exchange. Critical for future-proof cryptography questions.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC) scanning tools detect security misconfigurations before deployment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IaC scanners (Checkov, tfsec) analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM, unencrypted resources. Critical for shift-left security in DevOps.
Hexagonal Architecture (Ports and Adapters) isolates business logic from external dependencies for testability.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hexagonal Architecture defines ports (interfaces) for external services, enabling easy mocking and testing. Critical for maintainable, adaptable enterprise applications.
The e-Hospital initiative digitizes hospital operations including OPD, IPD, and pharmacy management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e-Hospital (under Digital India) provides HMIS for patient registration, appointments, records, billing. Improves efficiency, transparency, and patient experience in public hospitals.
The concept of 'digital sovereignty' emphasizes national control over data, infrastructure, and technology standards.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital sovereignty drives policies: data localization, domestic cloud infrastructure, indigenous standards. Balances security, innovation, and global cooperation. Critical for tech policy questions.
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards enable deterministic, low-latency communication for industrial IoT.
- True
- False
Answer: True
TSN (IEEE 802.1) extends Ethernet for real-time control: time synchronization, traffic shaping, redundancy. Critical for Industry 4.0, autonomous vehicles, and critical infrastructure.
Confidential Computing protects data in use by processing it in hardware-based trusted execution environments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Confidential Computing (Intel SGX, AMD SEV) encrypts data in memory during processing, protecting from OS/hypervisor attacks. Critical for multi-tenant cloud and privacy-sensitive workloads.
API Gateway pattern provides a single entry point for client requests to microservices, handling routing, auth, and rate limiting.
- True
- False
Answer: True
API Gateway abstracts microservices complexity: request routing, authentication, rate limiting, caching, monitoring. Critical for secure, manageable microservices architectures.
The Digital India initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital India (launched 2015) has three pillars: digital infrastructure as utility, governance & services on demand, digital empowerment of citizens. Encompasses Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, BharatNet, etc.
The Chip Act in USA and similar policies in EU/India aim to reshore semiconductor manufacturing for supply chain resilience.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Geopolitical tensions and pandemic disruptions drove policies: US CHIPS Act, EU Chips Act, India Semiconductor Mission. Aim to reduce concentration risk and ensure strategic autonomy. Critical for tech geopolitics questions.
Intent-Based Networking uses AI to translate business policies into network configurations automatically.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IBN uses AI/ML to interpret business intent (e.g., 'prioritize VoIP'), auto-configure network, and continuously verify compliance. Reduces manual errors and operational complexity. Critical for autonomous networks questions.
Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASB) enforce security policies for SaaS applications.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CASBs sit between users and cloud services to enforce: access control, data loss prevention, threat protection, and compliance. Critical for securing SaaS adoption in enterprises.
Event sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling audit trails and time-travel queries.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Event Sourcing records all state changes as events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Supports audit, debugging, and CQRS patterns. Critical for compliant, auditable systems design.