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Metamaterials can exhibit properties not found in nature, like negative refractive index.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Metamaterials are engineered structures with sub-wavelength features enabling exotic properties: negative refraction, invisibility cloaking, superlenses. Applications: antennas, sensors, imaging. India researches at IITs, DRDO. Critical for advanced materials and photonics questions.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology allows electric vehicles to supply power back to the electrical grid.
- True
- False
Answer: True
V2G enables bidirectional power flow: EVs charge during low demand, discharge during peak, providing grid services (frequency regulation, backup). Requires smart chargers, communication protocols, and regulatory frameworks. Critical for smart grid and energy transition questions.
In-orbit servicing can extend satellite lifespan by refueling or repairing components in space.
- True
- False
Answer: True
In-orbit servicing (robotic arms, refueling, upgrades) extends satellite life, reduces space debris, and enables new business models. ISRO's SPADEX tested docking; global companies (Northrop, Astroscale) develop servicing tech. Critical for space sustainability and economy questions.
Social engineering attacks manipulate human psychology rather than exploiting technical vulnerabilities.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Social engineering (phishing, pretexting, baiting) exploits human trust, curiosity, or fear to gain access or information. Often more effective than technical exploits. Defense: security awareness training, verification protocols, and least-privilege access. Critical for holistic cybersecurity understanding.
Chiplet architecture enables modular design by combining multiple smaller dies in a single package.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Chiplets integrate multiple specialized dies (CPU, GPU, I/O) via advanced packaging (2.5D/3D), improving yield, cost, and design flexibility vs monolithic chips. Used in AMD, Intel products. India's semiconductor strategy includes ATMP (assembly, test, mark, pack) capabilities. Critical for chip design questions.
Shape-memory alloys can return to original shape when heated after deformation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Shape-memory alloys (Nitinol: Ni-Ti) undergo reversible phase transformation, enabling shape recovery upon heating. Applications: medical stents, actuators, aerospace. India researches SMAs at DMRL, IITs. Critical for smart materials and advanced manufacturing questions.
Flow batteries are well-suited for long-duration grid energy storage due to decoupled power and energy capacity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Flow batteries (vanadium redox) store energy in liquid electrolytes; power (stack size) and energy (tank volume) are independent. Advantages: long cycle life, deep discharge, scalability for 4-12 hour storage. Critical for renewable integration and grid stability questions.
India's space policy reforms allow private companies to build and operate satellites and launch vehicles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Indian Space Policy 2023 enables private sector participation across space value chain: satellite manufacturing, launch services, ground infrastructure, and applications. IN-SPACe acts as single-window regulator. Critical for understanding India's space sector liberalization and economic potential.
The India Semiconductor Mission offers production-linked incentives for semiconductor fabrication plants.
- True
- False
Answer: True
India Semiconductor Mission (under MeitY) implements ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for fabs, display fabs, ATMP, and design. Partnerships with global players (TSMC, Micron) announced. Aims to build strategic self-reliance in critical electronics supply chain. Critical for industrial policy questions.
Data mesh architecture decentralizes data ownership to domain teams while maintaining global governance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data Mesh treats data as a product: domain teams own data products, with self-serve infrastructure and federated governance. Addresses scalability limits of centralized data teams. Principles: domain ownership, data as product, self-serve platform, federated governance. Critical for modern data architecture questions.
GitOps uses Git repositories as the single source of truth for infrastructure and application deployments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GitOps (ArgoCD, Flux) declaratively defines desired state in Git; operators sync cluster state to match. Benefits: audit trail, rollback via git revert, peer review via PRs. Critical for modern cloud-native deployment practices and infrastructure management questions.
The Digital India Act proposal includes provisions for regulating algorithmic transparency and accountability.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital India Act (proposed) aims to address: platform accountability, user rights, emerging tech governance, and algorithmic transparency. Complements DPDP Act and IT Rules. Critical for understanding India's evolving digital regulatory framework in policy exams.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) using authenticator apps is more secure than SMS-based OTP.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Authenticator apps (Google Authenticator, Authy) generate TOTP locally, immune to SIM swapping, SS7 attacks, and phishing that compromise SMS OTP. NIST recommends moving away from SMS for high-security applications. Critical for authentication best practices questions.
Serverless functions automatically scale to zero when not in use, reducing idle resource costs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Serverless (AWS Lambda, Azure Functions) scales automatically: from zero to thousands of instances based on demand. Pay-per-execution pricing eliminates idle costs. Trade-offs: cold starts, execution time limits, vendor lock-in. Critical for cost-optimized cloud architecture questions.
Change Data Capture (CDC) enables real-time replication of database changes to downstream systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CDC captures insert/update/delete operations from database logs (binlog, WAL) and streams to targets (Kafka, data lake). Enables real-time analytics, cache invalidation, and event-driven architectures. Tools: Debezium, AWS DMS. Critical for modern data integration patterns.
Blue-Green deployment minimizes downtime by maintaining two identical production environments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Blue-Green deployment: run current version (Blue) and new version (Green) in parallel; switch traffic to Green after validation. Enables instant rollback by reverting traffic. Reduces risk vs in-place updates. Critical for zero-downtime release strategies in DevOps.
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2021 require significant social media platforms to appoint a grievance officer.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IT Rules 2021 mandate Significant Social Media Intermediaries (50L+ users) to appoint: Chief Compliance Officer, Nodal Contact Person, and Resident Grievance Officer. Also require traceability of first originator for certain messages. Critical for platform governance and compliance questions.
Deception technology uses honeypots and decoys to detect and study attacker behavior.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deception technology deploys realistic fake assets (servers, credentials, data) to lure attackers, enabling early detection, threat intelligence, and reduced dwell time. Complements prevention/detection controls. Used in enterprise security and critical infrastructure protection. Important for advanced cybersecurity questions.
Service mesh provides infrastructure-level features like observability, security, and traffic management for microservices.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Service mesh (Istio, Linkerd, Consul) deploys sidecar proxies to handle service-to-service communication: mTLS encryption, traffic splitting, retries, metrics, and distributed tracing. Decouples infrastructure concerns from application code. Critical for cloud-native architecture questions.
A data lake stores raw, unprocessed data in its native format, while a data warehouse stores structured, processed data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data lakes (S3, ADLS) store raw structured/unstructured data for flexible analysis; data warehouses (Snowflake, Redshift) store curated, schema-on-write data for BI. Modern architectures use lakehouse pattern combining both. Critical for understanding data platform design in analytics exams.