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Which cryptographic approach is being standardized by NIST to resist quantum attacks?
- Lattice-based
- Code-based
- Multivariate
- All of these
Answer: All of these
NIST PQC standardization includes: CRYSTALS-Kyber (lattice-based KEM), CRYSTALS-Dilithium (lattice signatures), SPHINCS+ (hash-based). India's CERT-In and DRDO actively research PQC adoption.
Which regulation requires impact assessments for high-risk AI systems in the EU?
- GDPR
- AI Act
- Digital Services Act
- Data Governance Act
Answer: AI Act
EU AI Act (2024) mandates Fundamental Rights Impact Assessments for high-risk AI: hiring, credit scoring, law enforcement. India monitors global developments for domestic policy alignment.
Which privacy technique enables AI training without accessing raw personal data?
- Differential Privacy
- Federated Learning
- Synthetic Data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving AI: Differential Privacy adds noise to aggregates; Federated Learning trains on-device; Synthetic Data generates artificial datasets. All enable AI while protecting individual privacy.
Which framework provides guidelines for trustworthy AI development adopted by India?
- OECD AI Principles
- UNESCO AI Ethics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
India endorses OECD AI Principles (2019) and UNESCO Recommendation on AI Ethics (2021). Both emphasize human rights, transparency, accountability, and sustainability. Critical for AI governance questions.
Which technique helps explain AI model predictions to non-technical stakeholders?
- Feature Importance
- LIME/SHAP
- Model Cards
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques: Feature Importance ranks input influence; LIME/SHAP provide local explanations; Model Cards document model purpose, performance, limitations. Critical for trust and regulatory compliance.
Which principle of Responsible AI ensures that AI systems do not discriminate against protected groups?
- Transparency
- Fairness
- Accountability
- Privacy
Answer: Fairness
Fairness in AI requires systems to avoid bias based on race, gender, caste, religion, etc. Techniques include bias detection metrics, diverse training data, and fairness-aware algorithms. Critical for ethical AI deployment in hiring, lending, and public services.
Which technique enables data subjects to request deletion of their personal data?
- Right to Access
- Right to Erasure
- Right to Portability
- Right to Correction
Answer: Right to Erasure
Right to Erasure (Right to be Forgotten) allows individuals to request deletion of personal data when no longer necessary or consent withdrawn. Critical for DPDP/GDPR compliance questions.
Which framework provides guidelines for securing Internet of Things (IoT) deployments?
- NIST IR 8259
- ETSI EN 303 645
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST IR 8259 and ETSI EN 303 645 provide IoT security baselines: secure boot, updates, data protection. Critical for IoT security architecture questions.
Which certification validates expertise in artificial intelligence and machine learning engineering?
- Google Professional ML Engineer
- AWS ML Specialty
- Microsoft Azure AI Engineer
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Cloud AI certifications validate skills in model development, deployment, MLOps. Critical for AI/ML roles in growing Indian tech sector.
Which database feature enables automatic detection and correction of data inconsistencies?
- Constraints
- Triggers
- Data Quality Rules
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Constraints enforce rules; triggers automate actions; DQ rules validate/clean data. Combined for data integrity. Critical for reliable analytics and compliance.
Which initiative supports deep tech startups in strategic sectors like defense and space?
- iDEX
- IN-SPACe
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
iDEX (Defence) and IN-SPACe (Space) provide funding, mentorship, and market access for startups in strategic domains. Critical for defense/space innovation questions.
Which principle requires organizations to be transparent about data processing activities?
- Lawfulness
- Transparency
- Accountability
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy principles: Lawfulness (legal basis), Transparency (clear communication), Accountability (demonstrate compliance). Core to DPDP/GDPR. Critical for privacy governance questions.
Which framework provides guidelines for securing DevOps pipelines and CI/CD processes?
- DevSecOps Framework
- NIST SP 800-204
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
DevSecOps integrates security into CI/CD: SAST, DAST, dependency scanning. NIST SP 800-204 covers microservices security including pipelines. Critical for secure software delivery.
Which role focuses on optimizing cloud costs and resource utilization?
- Cloud FinOps Engineer
- DevOps Engineer
- Solutions Architect
- All of these
Answer: All of these
FinOps specializes in cloud cost management; DevOps/Solutions roles include cost optimization. Critical for efficient cloud operations in cost-conscious environments.
Which database feature enables automatic scaling of read operations across replicas?
- Read Replicas
- Sharding
- Caching
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Read replicas offload queries; sharding distributes load; caching reduces database hits. Combined for scalable read-heavy workloads.
Which program supports rural innovation through technology and entrepreneurship?
- Village Entrepreneurship Program
- Digital Village Initiative
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Programs under Digital India promote rural startups: CSCs for service delivery, agri-tech incubators. Critical for inclusive innovation questions.
Which technique enables data minimization by collecting only necessary personal information?
- Purpose Limitation
- Data Minimization
- Storage Limitation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy principles: Purpose Limitation (collect for specified purpose), Data Minimization (only necessary data), Storage Limitation (retain no longer than needed). Core to DPDP/GDPR compliance.
Which framework provides guidelines for securing software supply chains?
- NIST SP 800-161
- SLSA Framework
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST SP 800-161 covers supply chain risk; SLSA (Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts) defines integrity levels for build processes. Critical for secure software delivery questions.
Which certification validates expertise in cybersecurity governance and risk management?
- CISM
- CRISC
- CGRC
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CISM (management), CRISC (risk), CGRC (governance) validate leadership skills for security programs. Critical for CISO and governance roles.
Which database feature enables time-travel queries to access historical data states?
- Temporal Tables
- Point-in-Time Recovery
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Temporal Tables (SQL:2011) automatically track row history; PITR restores database to specific timestamp. Critical for audit, compliance, and debugging.