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Which Indian initiative enables private companies to provide satellite-based services?
- IN-SPACe
- NSIL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
IN-SPACe authorizes private space activities; NSIL commercializes ISRO technologies via industry partnerships. Together they enable India's growing commercial space ecosystem.
Which quantum application enables simulation of complex molecular interactions for drug discovery?
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Sensing
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Cryptography
Answer: Quantum Computing
Quantum computers simulate quantum systems (molecules, materials) exponentially faster than classical computers for specific problems. Critical for drug discovery, materials science, and chemistry research.
Which technique enables AI models to be updated without retraining from scratch?
- Transfer Learning
- Federated Learning
- Continual Learning
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Efficient AI updates: Transfer Learning adapts pre-trained models; Federated Learning trains on-device; Continual Learning incorporates new data incrementally. Critical for adaptive, resource-efficient AI systems.
Which international body sets standards for anti-money laundering in virtual asset services?
- FATF
- IMF
- World Bank
- BIS
Answer: FATF
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) sets global AML/CFT standards including Travel Rule for VASPs. Countries implement through domestic laws. Critical for cross-border crypto compliance.
Which CBDC benefit enables programmable welfare payments with usage restrictions?
- Faster Settlement
- Lower Costs
- Conditional Transfers
- All of these
Answer: Conditional Transfers
Programmable CBDC enables subsidies usable only for specific goods/services (food, education), preventing misuse while ensuring benefits reach intended purposes. Critical for social welfare efficiency.
Which cryptographic primitive enables confidential transactions in privacy-focused cryptocurrencies?
- Ring Signatures
- Bulletproofs
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory compliance.
Which Indian authority monitors suspicious cryptocurrency transactions for money laundering?
- RBI
- SEBI
- FIU-IND
- CERT-In
Answer: FIU-IND
Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) receives, analyzes, and disseminates financial intelligence including crypto transactions. VASPs must register and report suspicious activities under PMLA.
Which technology enables precision agriculture to reduce fertilizer use and emissions?
- IoT Sensors
- Satellite Imagery
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Precision agriculture combines IoT soil sensors, satellite/drone imagery, and AI analytics to optimize input application. Reduces fertilizer overuse (N2O emissions) while maintaining yields. Critical for sustainable farming.
Which mechanism allows developing countries to earn carbon credits for emission reduction projects?
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Joint Implementation
- Emissions Trading
- All of these
Answer: Clean Development Mechanism
CDM (Kyoto Protocol) enabled developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing nations, earning Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Evolving under Paris Agreement Article 6.
Which international initiative promotes peaceful lunar exploration and resource utilization?
- Artemis Accords
- Moon Treaty
- Outer Space Treaty
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Artemis Accords (2020) establish principles for lunar cooperation; Outer Space Treaty (1967) provides foundational law; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resources (limited ratification). India signed Artemis Accords.
Which ISRO technology demonstrator tested autonomous landing of a reusable launch vehicle?
- RLV-TD HEX01
- RLV LEX
- AVM
- Both A and B
Answer: Both A and B
RLV-TD program includes HEX01 (hypersonic flight, 2016) and LEX (Landing Experiment, 2023) demonstrating autonomous landing of winged body. Critical for cost-effective access to space.
Which quantum application enables secure communication by detecting eavesdropping attempts?
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum Sensing
- Quantum Simulation
Answer: Quantum Key Distribution
QKD uses quantum properties (no-cloning, measurement disturbance) to detect interception during key exchange. Provides information-theoretic security for encryption keys. Deployed in limited networks globally.
Which practice ensures AI training data represents diverse populations to avoid bias?
- Data Augmentation
- Representative Sampling
- Bias Auditing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Fair AI requires: representative datasets covering demographics, augmentation to address underrepresentation, and continuous bias auditing. Critical for equitable AI in hiring, lending, healthcare.
Which Indian law provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures?
- DPDP Act 2023
- IT Act 2000
- Cyber Security Strategy
- Data Governance Policy
Answer: IT Act 2000
Information Technology Act 2000 (amended 2008) provides legal framework for e-commerce, electronic records, digital signatures, and cybercrime penalties. Foundation for digital transaction legality in India.
Which CBDC feature enables programmable subsidies with usage restrictions?
- Smart Contracts
- Time-Locked Tokens
- Geofenced Spending
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Programmable CBDC enables conditional payments: subsidies usable only for specific goods/services, time-bound benefits, location-restricted spending. Balances policy objectives with user autonomy and privacy.
Which CBDC design choice impacts user privacy versus regulatory compliance?
- Token vs Account-based
- Centralized vs Distributed Ledger
- Online vs Offline Capability
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC architecture involves trade-offs: token-based offers more privacy but harder AML; distributed ledgers enhance resilience but complex governance; offline mode improves inclusion but security challenges.
Which practice reduces electronic waste by extending device lifespan through repair and upgrades?
- Planned Obsolescence
- Right to Repair
- Fast Fashion
- Single-Use Design
Answer: Right to Repair
Right to Repair legislation mandates manufacturers provide parts, tools, documentation for device repair. Reduces e-waste, saves consumer costs, and promotes circular economy. India developing e-waste rules with repair provisions.
Which technology converts agricultural waste into biochar for carbon sequestration?
- Pyrolysis
- Gasification
- Composting
- Anaerobic Digestion
Answer: Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis heats biomass without oxygen to produce biochar (stable carbon), bio-oil, syngas. Biochar applied to soil sequesters carbon for centuries while improving fertility. Critical for negative emissions strategies.
Which technology enables seamless handover between satellites in LEO constellations?
- Inter-Satellite Links
- Ground Station Handoff
- Beam Steering
- All of these
Answer: All of these
LEO constellations require: inter-satellite laser links for backbone, ground station handoff for coverage, beam steering for user tracking. Critical for continuous global connectivity.
Which error correction approach is critical for building fault-tolerant quantum computers?
- Classical Redundancy
- Quantum Error Correction Codes
- Increased Qubit Count
- Faster Gates
Answer: Quantum Error Correction Codes
QEC codes (surface code, Shor code) encode logical qubits across multiple physical qubits to detect/correct errors. Requires significant overhead but essential for scalable quantum computation.