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Which quantum application enables ultra-precise navigation without GPS signals?
- Quantum Sensing
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Cryptography
Answer: Quantum Sensing
Quantum sensors (atom interferometers) measure acceleration, rotation with extreme precision for navigation in GPS-denied environments: submarines, underground, space. Critical for strategic autonomy.
Which framework provides guidelines for AI risk management in organizations?
- NIST AI RMF
- ISO/IEC 23894
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
NIST AI Risk Management Framework and ISO/IEC 23894 provide structured approaches to identify, assess, and mitigate AI risks: bias, security, safety, privacy. Critical for enterprise AI governance.
Which principle ensures AI systems are robust against adversarial attacks and errors?
- Fairness
- Robustness
- Transparency
- Privacy
Answer: Robustness
Robustness requires AI systems to perform reliably under normal conditions, edge cases, and adversarial inputs. Techniques: adversarial training, uncertainty quantification, fallback mechanisms. Critical for safety-critical AI applications.
Which regulatory approach treats crypto assets based on their economic function rather than technology?
- Technology-Neutral Regulation
- Substance-Over-Form
- Risk-Based Supervision
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated based on function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design questions.
Which CBDC benefit enables faster cross-border payments compared to traditional systems?
- 24/7 Availability
- Direct Settlement
- Reduced Intermediaries
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border payments: operate 24/7, enable direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, reduce correspondent banking layers. Critical for trade finance and remittance efficiency.
Which privacy feature enables selective disclosure of transaction details in CBDC?
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Ring Signatures
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving techniques: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; ring signatures obscure sender; confidential transactions hide amounts. Balance privacy with regulatory compliance (AML/KYC).
Which Indian authority regulates Virtual Digital Asset exchanges and service providers?
- RBI
- SEBI
- Both A and B
- MeitY
Answer: Both A and B
RBI regulates payment aspects of crypto; SEBI regulates securities-like tokens; FIU-IND monitors suspicious transactions. Multi-regulator approach addresses different crypto use cases. Critical for compliance questions.
Which CBDC architecture enables programmable money with conditional payments?
- Account-based
- Token-based
- Smart Contract-enabled
- All of these
Answer: Smart Contract-enabled
Smart contract-enabled CBDC allows conditional payments: escrow, subsidies with usage restrictions, automated tax collection. Requires careful design to balance flexibility with privacy and monetary policy control.
Which CBDC design enables offline transactions for financial inclusion?
- Token-based
- Account-based
- Hybrid
- All of these
Answer: Hybrid
Hybrid CBDC design combines online (account-based) and offline (token-based) capabilities. Offline mode uses secure hardware for transactions without internet. Critical for rural inclusion and disaster resilience.
Which feature distinguishes CBDC from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin?
- Central Bank Issuance
- Legal Tender Status
- Regulatory Oversight
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDCs are sovereign digital currency: issued by central banks, legal tender status, regulated monetary policy. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, volatile, and largely unregulated. Critical for understanding digital money evolution.
Which technology enables real-time monitoring of forest cover and deforestation using satellites?
- Remote Sensing
- GIS Mapping
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Forest monitoring combines: satellite imagery (Sentinel, Resourcesat), GIS for spatial analysis, AI for change detection. Used for REDD+ programs and climate reporting. Critical for environmental governance.
Which standard verifies carbon offset projects for credibility and additionality?
- Gold Standard
- Verra VCS
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Gold Standard and Verra's Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) certify offset projects: renewable energy, forestry, methane capture. Ensure real, measurable, additional emission reductions. Critical for carbon market integrity.
Which practice reduces data center energy consumption through efficient cooling and hardware?
- Virtualization
- Liquid Cooling
- Renewable Energy
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Green computing combines: virtualization (server consolidation), advanced cooling (liquid, free-air), renewable energy (solar, wind), and energy-efficient hardware. Critical for sustainable IT infrastructure.
Which technology captures CO2 from industrial emissions for storage or utilization?
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Direct Air Capture
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
CCS captures CO2 from point sources (power plants); DAC extracts from ambient air. Both enable net-zero pathways. India developing CCS roadmap under National Carbon Capture Program.
Which international agreement governs activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies?
- Outer Space Treaty
- Moon Agreement
- Artemis Accords
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Outer Space Treaty (1967) establishes foundational principles; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resource use (limited ratification); Artemis Accords (2020) promote peaceful lunar exploration. India signed Artemis Accords.
Which ISRO mission is designed to study the Sun's corona and space weather?
- Chandrayaan-3
- Aditya-L1
- Gaganyaan
- NISAR
Answer: Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 positioned at Sun-Earth L1 point for uninterrupted solar observation. Studies coronal heating, CMEs, solar flares critical for space weather forecasting affecting satellites and power grids.
Which company operates the OneWeb satellite constellation partly owned by Indian entities?
- SpaceX
- OneWeb
- Amazon Kuiper
- Telesat
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (Bharti Group partnership) operates LEO constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions.
Which symmetric encryption algorithm is considered quantum-resistant with larger key sizes?
- DES
- 3DES
- AES-256
- RC4
Answer: AES-256
AES-256 with 256-bit keys is considered quantum-resistant because Grover's algorithm only provides quadratic speedup, requiring doubling key size for equivalent security. DES/3DES/RC4 are broken or weak.
India's National Mission on Quantum Technologies allocates how much funding over 5 years?
- ₹1000 crore
- ₹5000 crore
- ₹8000 crore
- ₹15000 crore
Answer: ₹8000 crore
NM-QTA (2020) allocates ₹8000 crore for quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials research. Implemented by DST with IITs, IISc participation. Critical for science policy questions.
Which physical system is NOT commonly used for implementing qubits?
- Superconducting circuits
- Trapped ions
- Classical transistors
- Photonic circuits
Answer: Classical transistors
Leading qubit implementations: superconducting (IBM, Google), trapped ions (IonQ), photonic (Xanadu). Classical transistors cannot maintain quantum coherence. Critical for understanding quantum hardware landscape.