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Answer: Adaptation Fund
Adaptation Fund (established under Kyoto Protocol) finances concrete adaptation projects in vulnerable developing countries. Funded by 2% share of CDM proceeds and donations. India has accessed funds for community-based adaptation. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Cuprates (e.g., YBCO, Tc~90K), iron pnictides (e.g., SmFeAsO, Tc~55K), nickelates (recent discovery) exhibit superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperature. Mechanism remains unsolved; key for lossless power transmission. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Machine learning integrates chemical, genomic, clinical data to predict drug-disease associations. Accelerates therapy discovery (e.g., baricitinib for COVID-19). CSIR-OSDD pioneered open-source repurposing platforms. [[CSIR, ICMR Reports]]
Answer: All of these
JAM integrates bank accounts (Jan Dhan), biometric ID (Aadhaar), mobile connectivity to deliver subsidies directly, reduce corruption, expand access to formal finance. Foundational for India's welfare architecture. [[NITI Aayog, RBI Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus) oxidize sulfide minerals, solubilizing Cu, Au, rare earths. Eco-friendly alternative to smelting; applied in e-waste recycling. CSIR-IMMT leads Indian research in biohydrometallurgy. [[CSIR Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability. Used by businesses, governments to prioritize adaptation investments. RBI's climate risk guidelines require banks to assess portfolio exposure. [[RBI, NITI Aayog Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Neutrinos travel unimpeded from cosmic accelerators, pointing to sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. IceCube's detection of TXS 0506+056 blazar (2018) marked birth of neutrino astronomy. INO will contribute to multi-messenger studies. [[IUCAA Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Deep learning models analyze whole-slide images for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, biomarker quantification. Augments pathologist workflow, improves consistency, enables telepathology. ICMR validates AI tools for clinical use. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
Platforms like CropIn, Fasal integrate remote sensing, IoT, ML to deliver hyperlocal advisories to farmers. Enhances productivity, resource efficiency, climate resilience. Part of Digital Agriculture Mission. [[MoA, MeitY Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Green NH₃: N₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → NH₃ via electrocatalysis. Avoids fossil-derived H₂, high energy intensity of Haber-Bosch. Challenges: catalyst selectivity, reaction rates. Critical for sustainable fertilizer production. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
ICAR institutes develop stress-tolerant varieties (e.g., Sahbhagi dhan for drought, CSR varieties for salinity) using conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, genomics. Critical for food security under climate change. [[ICAR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
Multiple approaches: cryogenic detectors (WIMPs), haloscopes (axions), X-ray telescopes (sterile neutrinos). India participates in international collaborations (e.g., LUX-ZEPLIN). Understanding dark matter is key to cosmology. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Microphysiological systems mimic organ functions (lung, liver, gut) on chip-sized devices. Enable drug testing, disease modeling with human relevance, reducing animal experiments. DBT supports Indian research in this area. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
Edge AI processes data locally (smartphones, cameras, sensors), avoiding cloud dependency. Enables real-time decisions (autonomous vehicles), works offline, keeps sensitive data on-device. Critical for IoT scalability. [[MeitY Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Hybrid perovskites (e.g., MAPbI₃) degrade under humidity, heat, light, electric fields. Research focuses on compositional engineering, encapsulation, inorganic perovskites for commercial viability. India's NISE supports R&D. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Answer: All of these
Climate stressors displace populations: Sundarbans (erosion), Rajasthan (drought), Assam (floods). Internal migration requires adaptive policies: livelihood support, urban planning, social protection. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Massive objects bend spacetime, deflecting light from background sources. Strong lensing creates arcs, rings, multiple images; used to map dark matter, study early galaxies. ISRO's AstroSat contributes to multi-wavelength lensing studies. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]
Answer: All of these
Gut microbiota influence brain function and behavior through neural, endocrine, immune pathways. Links to depression, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics/prebiotics being explored for mental health interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Answer: All of these
Machine learning enhances climate prediction: emulating complex physics, analyzing big data (satellite, sensors), optimizing renewable integration. India's National AI Strategy identifies climate action as a key sector. [[NITI Aayog, MoES Reports]]
Answer: All of these
CO₂ electrolysis using catalysts (Cu, Ag, molecular complexes) yields fuels/chemicals: CO, formate, ethylene, ethanol. Enables carbon recycling; challenges: selectivity, energy efficiency, scale-up. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12, DST Reports]]