The gut-brain axis involves communication via:
- Vagus nerve signaling
- Microbial metabolites (SCFAs)
- Immune system modulation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Gut microbiota influence brain function and behavior through neural, endocrine, immune pathways. Links to depression, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics/prebiotics being explored for mental health interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]