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Which feature in UPI transactions adds an extra layer of security by requiring user approval for each payment?
- MPIN
- OTP
- Biometric authentication
- All of these
Answer: All of these
UPI security: MPIN for app access, OTP for transaction verification, biometric (fingerprint/face) for device unlock. Multi-factor authentication minimizes fraud risks. [[NPCI, RBI Guidelines]]
Which strategy helps coastal communities adapt to sea-level rise?
- Building seawalls
- Mangrove restoration
- Elevated housing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Adaptation combines hard (seawalls), nature-based (mangroves buffer storms), and social measures (planning, early warning). India's National Adaptation Fund supports such projects. [[MoEFCC, NDMA Reports]]
Which cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers?
- Multipotent stem cells
- Pluripotent stem cells
- Totipotent stem cells
- Unipotent stem cells
Answer: Pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, iPSCs) can form all embryonic lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) but not extra-embryonic tissues. Totipotent (zygote) can form entire organism. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Which imaging technique uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body?
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- PET scan
Answer: CT scan
Computed Tomography (CT) rotates X-ray source/detectors around patient; computer reconstructs slices. Superior for bone, trauma, lung imaging. Higher radiation dose than X-ray radiography. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which technique separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio?
- Chromatography
- Spectrophotometry
- Mass spectrometry
- Electrophoresis
Answer: Mass spectrometry
MS ionizes molecules, accelerates ions through magnetic/electric fields; separation by m/z enables precise molecular weight determination and structural analysis. Used in proteomics, metabolomics, forensics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which biometric data is NOT used in Aadhaar authentication?
- Fingerprint
- Iris scan
- Face recognition
- Voice pattern
Answer: Voice pattern
Aadhaar uses fingerprint, iris, and face (added later) for biometric authentication. Voice recognition is not part of UIDAI's standard authentication methods. Important for digital governance awareness. [[UIDAI Guidelines]]
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established under which international agreement?
- Kyoto Protocol
- Paris Agreement
- UNFCCC
- Montreal Protocol
Answer: UNFCCC
GCF was established at COP16 (2010) under UNFCCC to assist developing countries in climate mitigation/adaptation. Operationalized in 2015; India is an active recipient and contributor. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Pharmacogenomics studies how genetic variations affect individual responses to:
- Diet
- Drugs
- Exercise
- Environment
Answer: Drugs
Pharmacogenomics tailors drug therapy based on patient's genome (e.g., CYP450 variants affecting drug metabolism). Aims to maximize efficacy, minimize adverse reactions. Emerging field in precision healthcare. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
LEDs emit light when electrons recombine with holes in a semiconductor, releasing energy as:
- Heat
- Photons
- Phonons
- Plasmons
Answer: Photons
Electroluminescence in LEDs: electron-hole recombination across bandgap emits photons (light). Energy (color) determined by semiconductor bandgap (e.g., GaAsP for red). Energy-efficient lighting. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which drug is a monoclonal antibody used in cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1?
- Imatinib
- Pembrolizumab
- Methotrexate
- Cisplatin
Answer: Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) blocks PD-1 checkpoint, enhancing T-cell attack on tumors. Represents paradigm shift to immunotherapy in oncology. Approved for multiple cancers. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]
Which feature of blockchain ensures that records cannot be altered retroactively?
- Decentralization
- Immutability
- Transparency
- Anonymity
Answer: Immutability
Immutability: once data is added to a block and chained via hashes, altering it requires recalculating all subsequent blocks across the network—computationally infeasible. Core to trustless systems. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Which Indian institution develops climate models for regional projections under the National Climate Mission?
- ISRO
- IITM Pune
- BARC
- DRDO
Answer: IITM Pune
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, develops Earth System Models (e.g., IITM-ESM) for monsoon prediction and climate change projections. Supports policy and adaptation planning. [[MoES Reports]]
Which technique allows precise insertion of large DNA fragments into genomes?
- PCR
- CRISPR-Cas9
- Recombineering
- Gel electrophoresis
Answer: Recombineering
Recombineering uses phage proteins for homologous recombination in vivo, enabling large DNA insertions/deletions. Complements CRISPR for complex genome engineering in synthetic biology. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature where electrical resistance becomes:
- Very high
- Moderate
- Zero
- Negative
Answer: Zero
Superconductors exhibit zero DC resistance and Meissner effect (expelling magnetic fields). Applications: MRI magnets, maglev trains, quantum computing. High-Tc superconductors operate above liquid nitrogen temps. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which functional group is characteristic of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin?
- Ester
- Amide
- Beta-lactam ring
- Carboxylic acid
Answer: Beta-lactam ring
Beta-lactam ring (4-membered cyclic amide) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Resistance via beta-lactamase enzymes. Core structure for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which tool is used to create a bit-by-bit copy of a storage device for forensic analysis?
- Antivirus
- Disk imaging software
- Firewall
- Encryption tool
Answer: Disk imaging software
Forensic imaging (e.g., FTK Imager, dd) creates exact clones preserving metadata and deleted files. Essential for legal evidence collection without altering original data. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]
Which pollutant is NOT directly measured by the National Air Quality Index (NAQI)?
- PM2.5
- Ozone (O₃)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
Answer: Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
NAQI monitors 8 pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb. CO₂ is a greenhouse gas but not a criteria air pollutant for NAQI. Important distinction for environmental exams. [[CPCB Guidelines]]
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and pleasure pathways?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Acetylcholine
Answer: Dopamine
Dopamine in mesolimbic pathway mediates reward, motivation, addiction. Imbalances linked to Parkinson's (deficit) and schizophrenia (excess). Critical for understanding brain function. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Aditya-L1, India's solar mission, is positioned at which Lagrange point?
- L1
- L2
- L4
- L5
Answer: L1
Aditya-L1 orbits Sun-Earth L1 point (~1.5 million km from Earth), providing uninterrupted solar observation. Studies corona, solar winds, and space weather impacts. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which drug class inhibits the enzyme ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)?
- Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
Answer: ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Lisinopril) block conversion of angiotensin I to II, lowering blood pressure. First-line treatment for hypertension and heart failure. [[NCERT Biology Class 11, MoHFW Guidelines]]