Technology – Medium Level – GK Questions

Green hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy (solar, wind), resulting in zero-carbon fuel. Contrasts with grey hydrogen (from fossil fuels) and blue hydrogen (fossil fuels + carbon capture). India's National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to make India a global hub for production and export.

Data Protection Board of India is an independent regulatory body established under DPDP Act 2023 to enforce provisions, adjudicate disputes, and impose penalties. CERT-In handles cybersecurity incidents; RBI regulates financial data; TRAI oversees telecom. Understanding regulatory roles is key for governance questions.

kill sends signals to processes; default is SIGTERM (15) which requests graceful termination, allowing cleanup. SIGKILL (9) forces immediate termination but doesn't allow cleanup. Processes can ignore or handle signals. Understanding process signals is important for system administration questions.

Lithium-ion batteries offer high energy density, long cycle life, and declining costs, making them ideal for residential solar storage. Lead-acid is cheaper but heavier with shorter lifespan. Flow batteries suit grid-scale storage. India's PLI scheme promotes domestic Li-ion cell manufacturing for energy transition.

DPDP Act 2023 establishes framework for processing digital personal data, defining rights of data principals and obligations of data fiduciaries. Replaces Section 43A of IT Act 2000. Aligns with global standards while addressing India-specific needs. Critical for compliance questions in banking and UPSC exams.

Preorder traversal: Root → Left Subtree → Right Subtree. Inorder: Left → Root → Right (gives sorted order for BST). Postorder: Left → Right → Root. Level-order uses queue for breadth-first traversal. Tree traversals are frequently tested in SSC JE and programming exams.

top provides dynamic real-time view of running processes, CPU usage, memory consumption, and system load. ps shows snapshot of processes; free displays memory stats; df shows disk space. Essential for system monitoring and troubleshooting in technical exams and real-world administration.

FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) India scheme provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure. FAME-II (2019) focuses on electrification of public transport and shared mobility. Part of India's commitment to reduce carbon emissions and achieve net-zero by 2070.

A standard BST degenerates to a linked list (O(n) search) if elements are inserted in sorted order. Balanced BSTs (AVL, Red-Black) maintain O(log n) by self-balancing after insertions/deletions. Understanding tree balancing is crucial for algorithm questions in SSC JE and banking IT exams.

Margin creates space outside an element's border, separating it from neighboring elements. Padding creates space inside the border (between content and border). Border-spacing applies to table cells. Gap is used in flexbox/grid layouts. Fundamental CSS concept for web development questions.

chmod (change mode) modifies file/directory permissions in Linux using symbolic (u+rwx) or octal (755) notation. Permissions control read (r), write (w), and execute (x) access for owner, group, and others. Critical for system security and frequently tested in technical government exams.

Photovoltaic (PV) cells use semiconductor materials (typically silicon) to convert photons from sunlight directly into electrical current via the photovoltaic effect. Solar thermal uses heat to generate steam for turbines. PV is the technology behind solar panels widely promoted under India's National Solar Mission.

Section 66A was struck down by the Supreme Court in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) for violating freedom of speech. It criminalized 'offensive' online content but was overly broad. Current IT Act provisions focus on cybercrime, data protection, and intermediary liability. Important for legal awareness in government exams.

Root (superuser) in Linux has UID 0 and bypasses all permission checks, allowing full system control. This power requires careful usage to avoid security risks. Best practice: use sudo for specific administrative tasks instead of logging in as root. Critical concept for system administration questions in technical exams.

pwd (print working directory) displays the absolute path of the current directory in Linux/Unix systems. ls lists directory contents, cd changes directory, and dir is a Windows command. Essential for navigation and scripting in command-line environments frequently tested in SSC JE and Railway exams.

India's AI ecosystem includes: RAISE summit for global dialogue on ethical AI, Bhashini for inclusive AI in Indian languages, National AI Portal (by MeitY & NASSCOM) for resources and collaboration. Supported by research centers (C3i, T-Hub), industry partnerships, and policy frameworks. Aims to balance innovation with ethics, inclusion, and national interest.

IRDAI regulations require any entity underwriting insurance policies to be a registered insurer or corporate agent. InsurTech startups typically partner with licensed insurers as technology providers, aggregators, or distribution partners. Regulatory sandbox allows testing innovations, but core risk-bearing activities remain with regulated entities to protect policyholders.

SMRA (Simultaneous Multiple Round Auction) allows bidders to bid on multiple spectrum lots across bands in multiple rounds, with prices rising based on demand. Used in India's 2G/3G/4G/5G auctions. Promotes price discovery, reduces exposure risk (bidding on complementary blocks), and enhances efficiency vs sequential auctions.

Arrow operator (->) accesses structure members via pointer: ptr->member equivalent to (*ptr).member. Dot operator (.) is for direct structure variables. Understanding pointer arithmetic and memory layout is crucial for systems programming, embedded development, and technical exams. Common source of segmentation faults if misused.