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Which of the following is a volatile memory type?
- ROM
- EEPROM
- RAM
- Flash Memory
Answer: RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that loses stored data when power is turned off. Used for temporary storage of actively running programs and data. Non-volatile memories (ROM, EEPROM, Flash) retain data without power, used for firmware, storage, and configuration settings.
What does 'WWW' stand for in web addresses?
- World Wide Web
- World Web Wide
- Wide World Web
- Web World Wide
Answer: World Wide Web
WWW (World Wide Web) is an information system where documents and resources are accessed via internet using URLs and hyperlinks. Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. Web pages are written in HTML, transmitted via HTTP/HTTPS, and displayed by web browsers. Web is a service running on the internet infrastructure.
Which ISRO satellite provides direct-to-home (DTH) television services in India?
- CARTOSAT
- INSAT/GSAT
- IRNSS
- EOS
Answer: INSAT/GSAT
INSAT and GSAT series communication satellites provide DTH broadcasting, telecommunication, and weather monitoring services. INSAT-4A, GSAT-15, GSAT-24 carry transponders leased to DTH providers like Dish TV, Tata Play. These geostationary satellites ensure continuous coverage over Indian subcontinent.
Which technology enables location tracking of mobile devices using satellite signals?
- Wi-Fi Positioning
- Cell Tower Triangulation
- GPS
- Bluetooth Beacons
Answer: GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System) uses signals from 24+ satellites to determine precise geographic location (latitude, longitude, altitude) anywhere on Earth. Integrated into smartphones for navigation, ride-hailing, fitness tracking. Works outdoors; assisted by Wi-Fi/cell towers indoors for faster acquisition.
Which data structure allows insertion and deletion from both ends?
- Stack
- Queue
- Deque
- Array
Answer: Deque
Deque (Double-Ended Queue) allows insertion and deletion at both front and rear ends, combining features of stack (LIFO) and queue (FIFO). Implemented using arrays or linked lists. Used in palindrome checking, sliding window problems, and browser history management. Time complexity: O(1) for end operations.
Which security measure converts readable data into unreadable format to protect confidentiality?
- Hashing
- Encryption
- Compression
- Encoding
Answer: Encryption
Encryption transforms plaintext into ciphertext using algorithms and keys, ensuring only authorized parties with decryption key can read the data. Protects data at rest (stored) and in transit (transmitted). Hashing is one-way for integrity; encoding (Base64) is not security; compression reduces size.
Which NPCI product enables interoperable cash withdrawals at any bank's ATM using any bank's card?
- NFS
- UPI
- IMPS
- RuPay
Answer: NFS
NFS (National Financial Switch) is NPCI's largest ATM network in India, enabling interoperability so customers can withdraw cash from any bank's ATM using their debit card. Connects over 2.5 lakh ATMs. RuPay is card network, UPI/IMPS are fund transfer systems. NFS handles ATM transaction routing and settlement.
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing and routing?
- Physical
- Data Link
- Network
- Transport
Answer: Network
Network Layer (Layer 3) handles logical addressing (IP addresses), routing packets between networks, and path determination. Routers operate at this layer. Data Link (Layer 2) handles MAC addresses and local delivery; Transport (Layer 4) manages end-to-end connections and reliability.
What is the name of India's first indigenous aircraft carrier that uses indigenous navigation systems?
- INS Vikrant
- INS Vikramaditya
- INS Chennai
- INS Kolkata
Answer: INS Vikrant
INS Vikrant (IAC-1) is India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2022. It incorporates Indian-developed systems including navigation, combat management, and communication. Represents a milestone in India's defense self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) and technological capability.
Which generation of mobile technology introduced mobile internet and email capabilities?
- 1G
- 2G
- 3G
- 4G
Answer: 2G
2G (specifically GPRS/EDGE enhancements) introduced packet-switched data enabling basic mobile internet, email, and MMS. 1G was analog voice only. 3G brought faster data for video calls and web browsing. 4G enabled HD video streaming and app ecosystems. Each generation built upon previous capabilities.
Which storage technology has no moving parts and provides faster access than traditional hard disks?
- HDD
- SSD
- Floppy Disk
- Tape Drive
Answer: SSD
SSD (Solid State Drive) uses flash memory chips with no moving parts, offering faster boot times, file access, and durability compared to HDDs with spinning platters. SSDs are silent, consume less power, and are resistant to physical shock. Prices have decreased, making SSDs standard in modern devices.
Which attack exploits the trust relationship between a website and a user's browser to perform unauthorized actions?
- XSS
- CSRF
- Clickjacking
- Session Hijacking
Answer: CSRF
CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) tricks authenticated users into executing unwanted actions on a web application where they're logged in. Attacker exploits trust between browser and site. Prevention: anti-CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, checking referrer headers. Distinct from XSS which injects malicious scripts.
Which symbol is used to denote comments in Python?
- //
- /*
- #
- --
Answer: #
In Python, # denotes single-line comments. Multi-line comments use triple quotes (''' or """). Other languages: // and /* */ in C/Java/JavaScript, -- in SQL. Comments improve code readability and documentation but are ignored by compilers/interpreters during execution.
Which satellite is jointly developed by ISRO and NASA for Earth observation?
- CARTOSAT-3
- NISAR
- EOS-06
- RESOURCESAT-3
Answer: NISAR
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth-observation satellite using dual-frequency radar to monitor ecosystems, ice masses, vegetation, and natural hazards. Scheduled for launch in 2024, it will provide unprecedented data for climate science and disaster management globally.
Which technology enables simultaneous voice and high-speed data on 4G networks?
- CSFB
- VoLTE
- SVLTE
- 2G Fallback
Answer: VoLTE
VoLTE (Voice over LTE) transmits voice as IP packets over 4G data network, enabling simultaneous voice calls and high-speed internet without dropping to 3G/2G. Provides HD voice quality, faster call setup, and improved battery life. Requires compatible device, SIM, and network support.
Which protocol ensures data integrity and authenticity in digital communications?
- HTTP
- FTP
- Digital Signature
- SMTP
Answer: Digital Signature
Digital Signatures use public-key cryptography to verify message integrity (not altered) and authenticity (sender identity). Based on hashing and asymmetric encryption. Used in software distribution, financial transactions, legal documents. Distinct from digital certificates which bind public keys to identities.
Which payment method uses biometric authentication linked to Aadhaar for transactions?
- UPI
- AePS
- NEFT
- IMPS
Answer: AePS
AePS (Aadhaar Enabled Payment System) uses Aadhaar number and biometric authentication (fingerprint/iris) for cash withdrawal, deposit, balance inquiry, and fund transfer at Micro-ATMs. Operated by NPCI, it enables banking services for citizens without cards, phones, or internet connectivity.
Which of the following is an example of system software?
- MS Word
- Google Chrome
- Windows OS
- VLC Player
Answer: Windows OS
System software manages hardware and provides platform for applications. Examples: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux), device drivers, utilities, compilers. Application software performs user tasks: Word (document editing), Chrome (web browsing), VLC (media playback). OS is foundational system software.
Which ISRO mission demonstrated spacecraft docking technology in Earth orbit?
- SPADEX
- Gaganyaan-1
- Aditya-L2
- NISAR
Answer: SPADEX
SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) is ISRO's technology demonstrator mission to master orbital docking/undocking, critical for future space station modules, satellite servicing, and human spaceflight. Successful docking enables complex missions requiring spacecraft to connect and transfer resources in orbit.
Which SQL command is used to permanently save transaction changes in a database?
- SAVE
- COMMIT
- STORE
- FINALIZE
Answer: COMMIT
COMMIT permanently saves all changes made during a transaction to the database. ROLLBACK undoes uncommitted changes. Transactions follow ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability). Proper use of COMMIT/ROLLBACK ensures data integrity in multi-user database environments.