Technology – Fill in the Blank – GK Questions

The eCourts Mission Phase III focuses on digitising the entire judicial system — from filing to judgments — making courts fully paperless and accessible to citizens digitally.

India Stack refers to India's open API-based Digital Public Infrastructure comprising Aadhaar (identity), UPI (payments), DigiLocker (documents), and other interoperable systems.

Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel were the first operators to commercially launch 5G services in India in October 2022, starting with major cities.

UPI (Unified Payments Interface), developed by NPCI, processes over 10 billion transactions per month and is India's flagship digital payment infrastructure.

The scheduled suspension is during morning peak hours from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. on May 31, 2026. Commuters planning travel on this stretch during these hours would need alternative arrangements or should plan accordingly.

Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) restricts user/system access rights to only what is essential for their role, minimizing damage from accidents or attacks. Implemented via role-based access control (RBAC), regular access reviews, and just-in-time permissions. Core concept in secure system design.

Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) converts digital data from computers to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines (modulation) and vice versa at receiving end (demodulation). Though largely replaced by broadband, modems established foundational concepts for digital communication over analog infrastructure.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) trains agents to make sequential decisions by interacting with an environment and receiving rewards/penalties. Used in robotics, game playing (AlphaGo), autonomous vehicles, and resource optimization. Differs from supervised learning (labeled data) and unsupervised learning (pattern discovery).

Patch Management is the process of acquiring, testing, and installing code changes (patches) to fix security vulnerabilities, bugs, or improve functionality. Critical for protecting systems from exploits targeting known flaws. Automated tools and scheduled maintenance windows help streamline patch deployment.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) blends technologies like AI, IoT, robotics, 3D printing, and biotechnology, blurring lines between physical, digital, and biological domains. India's initiatives like SAMARTH Udyog and National Strategy on AI aim to harness this transformation for inclusive growth.

NAT (Network Address Translation) allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address when accessing the internet. Conserves IPv4 addresses and adds a layer of security by hiding internal network structure. Implemented in routers and firewalls.

SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is a MOOC platform offering free online courses from 9th grade to post-graduation by reputed Indian institutions. Credits earned can be transferred to academic records. Part of Digital India's education transformation initiatives.

Responsible AI encompasses principles and practices to ensure AI systems are developed and deployed ethically: fairness (avoiding bias), accountability (clear responsibility), transparency (explainable decisions), privacy protection, and human oversight. India's AI strategy emphasizes Responsible AI for inclusive growth.

Computer Worm is standalone malware that self-replicates to spread across networks, exploiting vulnerabilities without requiring user action (unlike viruses that need host files). Worms can consume bandwidth, install backdoors, or deliver payloads. Prevention: network segmentation, patching, firewall rules.

Machine Learning enables systems to learn patterns from data and improve performance on tasks without explicit programming. Types: Supervised (labeled data), Unsupervised (pattern discovery), Reinforcement (reward-based learning). Applications: recommendation engines, fraud detection, predictive maintenance.

AePS (Aadhaar Enabled Payment System) allows bank customers to use Aadhaar number and fingerprint/iris for basic banking transactions at Micro-ATMs through Business Correspondents. Operated by NPCI, it promotes financial inclusion in rural areas without need for cards, phones, or internet.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that stores firmware like BIOS/UEFI. Data is written during manufacturing and generally cannot be modified by users. Unlike RAM which is volatile, ROM retains critical boot instructions even after power loss. Variants include PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

Coherence time (T1 for energy relaxation, T2 for phase decoherence) determines how many quantum operations can be performed before errors dominate. Longer coherence enables more complex algorithms. Improved via better materials, shielding, and error correction. Critical metric for comparing quantum hardware platforms.

Closed-loop control continuously compares desired vs actual state (via sensors) and adjusts actuators to minimize error. Contrasts with open-loop (no feedback). Essential for precision tasks: assembly, welding, autonomous navigation. PID controllers are common implementation. Critical for robotics control theory questions.

Topology optimization uses algorithms to distribute material optimally within design constraints (loads, boundaries), creating lightweight, efficient structures often with organic shapes. Enabled by additive manufacturing which can produce complex geometries impossible with subtractive methods. Critical for aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications.