Technology – Medium Level – GK Questions

Algorithmic accountability mandates transparency in AI systems: documenting data sources, model design, testing results, and decision logic. Enables auditing, bias detection, and redressal. Supported by DPDP Act, sectoral guidelines, and global frameworks. Critical for high-stakes AI in finance, healthcare, and governance where decisions impact rights and opportunities.

AML (Anti-Money Laundering) transaction monitoring uses AI/ML to analyze transactions in real-time, flag suspicious patterns, and generate regulatory reports (STRs). Reduces manual effort, improves detection accuracy, and ensures compliance with RBI/FIU-IND guidelines. Part of broader RegTech suite including KYC automation, risk assessment, and audit trails.

Wi-Fi Offloading redirects mobile data traffic from cellular networks to Wi-Fi hotspots to reduce congestion and improve user experience. Implemented via ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) in 4G/5G. Benefits: cost savings for users/operators, better indoor coverage. Requires seamless authentication and handover mechanisms.

Thevenin's Theorem: any linear circuit = voltage source (Vth) + series resistance (Rth). Norton's Theorem: equivalent = current source (In) + parallel resistance (Rn). They are duals; conversion: Vth = In × Rn. Essential for circuit analysis, load matching, and troubleshooting. Applicable to AC circuits using impedance.

OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines for trustworthy AI: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, and accountability. Adopted by 40+ countries including India. Influences national policies, corporate governance, and international cooperation on AI. Complements technical standards from ISO/IEC and IEEE.

Common Wallet framework (proposed by RBI) aims to enable interoperability among PPIs (wallets) so users can transact across different wallet providers seamlessly. Similar to UPI's interoperability for bank accounts. Would enhance competition, user choice, and financial inclusion. Implementation details and timeline under regulatory consultation.

Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region to maintain constant voltage across load despite input variations or load changes. Used in voltage regulators, reference circuits, and overvoltage protection. Key parameter: Zener voltage (Vz). Different from regular diodes which block reverse current until breakdown (which may damage them).

Bubble Sort with optimization (stop if no swaps in a pass) achieves O(n) best-case for already sorted input. However, average/worst-case remains O(n²). For exams: know trade-offs - Bubble (simple, inefficient), Quick (fast average, worst O(n²)), Merge (stable, O(n log n) always), Heap (in-place, O(n log n)).

Human-in-the-loop (HITL) ensures humans can monitor, override, or intervene in AI decisions, especially in high-stakes domains. Critical for accountability, error correction, and ethical compliance. Complements human-on-the-loop (supervision) and human-out-of-the-loop (full automation for low-risk tasks). Balances automation benefits with human judgment.

ML models analyze transaction patterns (amount, location, time, device) to detect anomalies indicating fraud. Techniques: supervised learning (labeled fraud data), unsupervised anomaly detection, and real-time scoring. Used by banks, UPI apps, and payment gateways. Continuous learning adapts to evolving fraud tactics while minimizing false positives.

Beamforming uses antenna arrays to steer radio waves directionally toward users instead of omnidirectional broadcast. Benefits: higher signal-to-noise ratio, extended coverage, reduced interference, and energy efficiency. Critical for mmWave 5G which has limited propagation. Implemented via digital, analog, or hybrid beamforming techniques.

Transistor (BJT or FET) amplifies weak signals by using small input current/voltage to control larger output current. Configurations: common emitter (high gain), common collector (impedance matching). Foundation of audio amplifiers, radio receivers, and sensor interfaces. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) integrate multiple transistors for precision amplification.

Array access by index is O(1) constant time because memory address is calculated directly: base_address + index * element_size. No traversal needed. Contrasts with linked lists (O(n) for access). This efficiency makes arrays ideal for random access patterns, but insertion/deletion in middle is O(n) due to element shifting.

Neo-banks in India are tech-first platforms that partner with licensed banks/NBFCs to offer banking services. RBI does not grant independent banking licenses to neo-banks yet. They focus on UX, analytics, and niche segments while regulated partners handle core banking, compliance, and balance sheet activities. Regulatory evolution ongoing.

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) uses multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver to send/receive multiple data streams simultaneously over same frequency. Increases spectral efficiency, data rates, and link reliability. Evolution: SU-MIMO (single user) to MU-MIMO (multi-user). Foundational for 4G LTE-Advanced and 5G NR performance.

Rectifier converts AC to DC using diodes. Types: half-wave (single diode, inefficient), full-wave (center-tapped or bridge, better efficiency). Used in power supplies for electronics, battery chargers, and DC motor drives. Filter capacitors smooth the pulsating DC output. Critical component in virtually all electronic devices powered from mains.

DPDP Act 2023 mandates explicit, informed, and specific consent for processing sensitive personal data (biometrics, health, sexual orientation, etc.). Consent must be withdrawable, and purpose limitation applies. Additional safeguards: data minimization, storage limitation, and enhanced rights for data principals. Critical for AI systems using sensitive data.

RBI's Digital Lending Guidelines (2022) require: lending only by regulated entities (banks/NBFCs), direct fund flow between lender and borrower (no third-party pools), standardized key fact statements, cooling-off period, and grievance redressal. Aims to protect consumers from predatory apps, data misuse, and unfair recovery practices.

AND gate outputs 1 (HIGH) only when all inputs are 1. Truth table: 0+0→0, 0+1→0, 1+0→0, 1+1→1. Fundamental for digital circuits, arithmetic units, and control logic. NAND/NOR are universal gates (can implement any Boolean function). XOR outputs 1 when inputs differ; useful for parity checks and adders.

Recursion typically uses MORE memory due to call stack overhead for each recursive call. Risk of stack overflow for deep recursion. Iteration uses constant memory with loops. However, recursion can simplify code for tree/graph problems, divide-and-conquer algorithms. Tail recursion optimization (in some languages) can mitigate memory issues.