Technology – MCQ – GK Questions

Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that a table is in 2NF and has no transitive dependencies (non-key attributes depending on other non-key attributes). This reduces redundancy and update anomalies. BCNF is a stricter version of 3NF handling certain edge cases in dependency relationships.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on same frequency by assigning unique spreading codes. Used in 3G networks. FDMA divides frequency, TDMA divides time slots, OFDMA (used in 4G/5G) combines frequency and time division with orthogonal subcarriers.

Ctrl+C copies selected content to clipboard. Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+X cuts (copy+delete), Ctrl+Z undoes last action. These keyboard shortcuts improve productivity across Windows applications. Mac uses Command (⌘) key instead of Ctrl for similar functions.

BBPS (Bharat Bill Payment System) is an integrated bill payment platform by NPCI that enables customers to pay recurring bills (electricity, water, gas, DTH, telecom) through multiple channels (online, bank branches, BCs, CSCs). Offers interoperability, instant confirmation, and grievance redressal.

RLV-TD (Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator) is ISRO's project to develop cost-effective access to space through reusable rocket technology. It tests hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, and powered cruise flight. Successful tests bring India closer to fully reusable launch systems.

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology where transactions are recorded across multiple nodes, making it tamper-resistant and transparent. Beyond cryptocurrencies, it's used in supply chain, voting, identity management, and smart contracts. Key features: immutability, consensus, cryptography.

SQL Injection occurs when attackers insert malicious SQL statements into input fields to manipulate database queries. Can lead to data theft, deletion, or unauthorized access. Prevention: use parameterized queries, input validation, ORM frameworks, and least-privilege database accounts.

India's 4G LTE services primarily use 1800 MHz (Band 3) and 2300 MHz (Band 40) spectrum. 700 MHz is being rolled out for better rural coverage. 26 GHz and 60 GHz are mmWave bands considered for future 5G enhancements, not current 4G deployments.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address used to access resources on the internet. It includes protocol (http/https), domain name, path, and optional parameters. Example: https://www.example.com/page?query=1. URLs are a subset of URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers).

Strong passwords should be at least 12 characters long with uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special symbols. Avoid personal info, dictionary words, or patterns. Use unique passwords per account and store them in a password manager. Enable two-factor authentication for critical accounts.

GSLV Mk III (now called LVM3) is ISRO's heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of placing 4-ton class satellites into GTO. It was used for Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3, and OneWeb satellite launches. PSLV handles lighter polar orbits; SSLV is for small satellites; ASLV was retired.

IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) enables instant interbank electronic fund transfer 24x7 using mobile number + MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) or account number + IFSC. Developed by NPCI, it supports transfers up to ₹5 lakh. NEFT/RTGS have timing restrictions; ECS is for bulk/recurring payments.

Authentication factors: 1) Something you know (password/PIN), 2) Something you have (smart card/token), 3) Something you are (biometrics like fingerprint, iris, face). Multi-factor authentication combines two or more factors for enhanced security. Fingerprint is a biometric ('something you are') factor.

.exe (executable) files contain programs that can be run directly by the Windows operating system. Users should be cautious opening .exe files from untrusted sources as they can contain malware. Other extensions: .txt (text), .pdf (document), .jpg (image) are data files, not executables.

MyGov is a citizen engagement platform launched under Digital India that allows Indians to participate in policy discussions, submit ideas, vote on proposals, and provide feedback on government initiatives. It fosters collaborative governance and transparent decision-making.

CARTOSAT series satellites are dedicated to Earth observation and remote sensing with high-resolution cameras for cartography, urban planning, and resource monitoring. INSAT is for communication/weather, GSAT for communication, and IRNSS/NavIC for navigation.

GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) consist of two neural networks - a generator that creates fake data and a discriminator that evaluates authenticity. They compete to improve output quality. Used in deepfakes, art generation, drug discovery, and data augmentation. Ethical concerns include misinformation.

HAVING clause filters results after GROUP BY aggregation, while WHERE filters rows before grouping. Example: SELECT dept, AVG(salary) FROM emp GROUP BY dept HAVING AVG(salary) > 50000. WHERE cannot be used with aggregate functions directly.

NFC (Near Field Communication) enables contactless payments by allowing two devices to communicate when placed within 4 cm. Used in Google Pay, Apple Pay, and RuPay Contactless. It operates at 13.56 MHz and supports secure element storage for payment credentials.

e-Kranti (National e-Governance Plan 2.0) is a pillar of Digital India focusing on electronic delivery of government services across sectors like education, health, agriculture, and justice. It emphasizes integrated services, cloud adoption, and mobile-first approach for citizen convenience.