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Answer: Section 194S
Section 194S (Income Tax Act) imposes 1% TDS on transfer of virtual digital assets above threshold. Aims to track transactions and ensure tax compliance. Critical for crypto tax reporting obligations.
Answer: Both A and B
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE/TEE) for local transaction storage, synchronizing when online. Critical for financial inclusion in rural/remote areas and disaster resilience. Requires robust security design.
Answer: Corresponding Adjustments
Corresponding adjustments under Article 6 ensure emission reductions transferred internationally are subtracted from seller's inventory and added to buyer's. Prevents double counting, maintains environmental integrity.
Answer: Both A and B
Green cloud strategies: choose regions with high renewable energy mix, schedule workloads when grid is cleanest. Tools: Cloud Carbon Footprint, AWS Customer Carbon Footprint Tool. Critical for sustainable IT operations.
Answer: All of these
Precision irrigation combines: drip systems for targeted delivery, IoT sensors for real-time soil data, AI for optimal scheduling. Reduces water use by 30-60% while maintaining yields. Critical for water-stressed regions.
Answer: SAC
Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad, develops communication, remote sensing, and navigation payloads for ISRO satellites. Critical for satellite technology indigenization and application development.
Answer: SEBI
SEBI regulates crypto assets classified as securities (security tokens, certain NFTs). Framework evolving to address tokenization of real-world assets, investor protection, and market integrity.
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory auditability.
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC with smart contracts can automate tax collection at point of transaction, reducing compliance burden and evasion. Requires careful design to balance efficiency with privacy and user control.
Answer: PMLA
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) amended to include VASPs as reporting entities. Requires KYC, transaction monitoring, and suspicious activity reporting. Critical for crypto compliance framework.
Answer: Token-based with Privacy
Token-based CBDC with privacy features (blind signatures, ZK-proofs) enables pseudonymous transactions while maintaining central bank oversight. Balances privacy with AML/CFT compliance requirements.
Answer: Additionality
Additionality requires proving project emissions reductions are beyond business-as-usual scenario. Critical for carbon market integrity: prevents crediting actions that would happen anyway. Verified through baseline methodologies.
Answer: Free Air Cooling
Free air cooling uses filtered outside air when ambient conditions permit, reducing chiller usage by 30-70%. Implemented in Google, Facebook data centers. Critical for PUE improvement and operational cost reduction.
Answer: Solar PV
Solar PV costs declined ~90% (2010-2020) due to manufacturing scale, technology improvements, and supply chain optimization. Now cheapest electricity source in many regions. India targets 500 GW renewable capacity by 2030.
Answer: Direct Air Capture
DAC uses chemical sorbents to extract CO2 from ambient air, enabling carbon removal independent of emission sources. Energy-intensive but critical for net-zero pathways. India exploring DAC under climate strategy.
Answer: All of these
HTS combines: spot beams for focused coverage, frequency reuse for capacity multiplication, adaptive coding for link optimization. Enables 100+ Gbps throughput for broadband, backhaul, and enterprise services.
Answer: Helium-3
Helium-3, deposited by solar wind on lunar surface, is a potential fuel for aneutronic fusion reactors producing minimal radioactive waste. Extraction remains technologically challenging but scientifically valuable.
Answer: Ion Propulsion
Ion thrusters use electric fields to accelerate ions, providing high specific impulse (fuel efficiency) with low thrust. Ideal for deep space missions: Dawn, BepiColombo. ISRO developing electric propulsion for future missions.
Answer: L-band
L-band (1-2 GHz) has longer wavelength enabling better penetration through buildings, foliage, and weather. Used for mobile satellite services, GPS, and emergency communications. Trade-off: lower bandwidth vs higher frequencies.
Answer: Shukrayaan-1
Shukrayaan-1 is India's planned Venus orbiter mission (target launch ~2028) to study the planet's thick atmosphere, surface processes, and solar wind interactions. Will carry Indian and international payloads for comprehensive planetary science.