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Answer: All of these
Multi-regulator approach: RBI warns on risks, SEBI regulates security tokens, ASCI sets advertising standards. Critical for consumer protection and market integrity in evolving crypto landscape.
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC enables subsidies usable only for specific goods/services (food, education), preventing misuse while ensuring benefits reach intended purposes. Critical for social welfare efficiency.
Answer: All of these
Permanence safeguards: buffer pools set aside credits for reversals; insurance covers unexpected losses; monitoring verifies long-term storage. Critical for credible carbon offset markets.
Answer: All of these
Energy-efficient software: optimized algorithms reduce computational complexity; resource management minimizes idle time; caching avoids redundant processing. Critical for sustainable application development.
Answer: Both A and B
Carbon-negative concrete: mineral carbonation captures CO2 in cement; bio-based aggregates (hemp, mycelium) store carbon. Critical for decarbonizing construction, major emission source.
Answer: Both A and B
Phased array antennas with digital beamforming steer signals electronically without moving parts. Enables adaptive coverage, interference mitigation, and capacity optimization for satellite broadband.
Answer: Both A and B
CBDC interoperability: APIs enable integration with UPI, cards, wallets; common standards (ISO 20022) ensure seamless data exchange. Critical for user adoption and payment ecosystem evolution.
Answer: All of these
CBDC inclusion features: offline mode for connectivity-challenged areas, low transaction costs vs traditional banking, simplified KYC for basic accounts. Critical for expanding financial access.
Answer: All of these
Privacy-enhancing technologies: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; homomorphic encryption enables computation on ciphertext; SMPC allows joint processing. Balance privacy with regulatory oversight.
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated by function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design.
Answer: PMLA Rules
PMLA rules require VASPs to maintain KYC records, transaction logs, and audit trails for 5 years. Enables regulatory oversight, investigation, and compliance verification. Critical for operational requirements.
Answer: Both A and B
Programmable CBDC with embedded rules can enforce AML limits, reporting thresholds, and policy conditions automatically. Enhances compliance efficiency while requiring careful privacy design.
Answer: All of these
Carbon credit integrity requires: additionality proof (beyond business-as-usual), robust baseline setting, independent verification. Standards: Verra, Gold Standard ensure methodological rigor for credible offsets.
Answer: All of these
Sustainable hardware: modular design enables component upgrades; repairability standards ensure spare parts availability; software optimization reduces need for hardware replacement. Critical for circular economy.
Answer: All of these
Methane monitoring combines: satellite (GHGSat, Sentinel), drones for targeted surveys, ground sensors for continuous monitoring. Critical for leak detection, regulatory compliance, and climate mitigation.
Answer: All of these
Satellite link adaptation: ACM adjusts modulation/coding based on channel quality; diversity uses multiple paths; power control compensates fading. Critical for reliable broadband service in variable weather.
Answer: All of these
CBDC design affects monetary policy: remuneration influences deposit rates, holding limits prevent bank disintermediation, interoperability affects payment system dynamics. Critical for central bank digital currency planning.
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving CBDC: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; ring signatures obscure sender; confidential transactions hide amounts. Balance user privacy with regulatory auditability requirements.
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border: direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, operates 24/7, reduces correspondent layers. Critical for trade finance efficiency, remittance cost reduction, and financial inclusion.
Answer: All of these
Modern crypto regulation focuses on economic substance: payment tokens, security tokens, utility tokens regulated by function. Avoids technology lock-in and adapts to innovation. Critical for policy design questions.