Science – GK Questions

Dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring (eustele), enabling secondary growth. Monocots have scattered bundles (atactostele). Key difference in plant anatomy. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Benzene's delocalized π-electrons attract electrophiles. Substitution preserves aromatic stability; addition would break resonance. Nitration, halogenation, sulfonation are classic examples. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

UPI enables instant bank-to-bank transactions via mobile apps (Google Pay, PhonePe, etc.). Developed by NPCI; revolutionized digital payments in India. Key for banking awareness. [[NPCI Reports, RBI Guidelines]]

Weber (Wb) = magnetic flux; Tesla (T) = magnetic flux density (B = Φ/A). 1 Wb = 1 T·m². Important for electromagnetism problems. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)². Categories: Underweight (<18.5), Normal (18.5-24.9), Overweight (25-29.9), Obese (≥30). Simple screening tool for weight-related health risks. [[WHO, MoHFW Guidelines]]

Hydrogen bonding occurs when H is bonded to highly electronegative N, O, or F. NH₃ forms intermolecular H-bonds, explaining its high boiling point vs. PH₃. Critical for molecular properties. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

3Rs promote sustainable consumption: Reduce waste generation, Reuse items, Recycle materials into new products. Core concept in environmental education and policy. [[MoEFCC Guidelines, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Higher temperature increases molecular kinetic energy, reducing intermolecular forces and internal friction. Hence, honey flows faster when heated. Opposite trend for gases. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Bt gene produces Cry protein toxic to bollworm larvae but safe for humans. First commercially approved GM crop in India (2002). Important for biotechnology and agriculture. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

In Group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), ns² electrons resist participation in bonding down the group. Tl⁺ is more stable than Tl³⁺ due to inert pair effect. Important for periodic trends. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

This chaining via hashes ensures immutability: altering one block changes its hash, breaking the chain. Combined with consensus mechanisms, it provides security and transparency. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

Lens power P = 1/f (in meters), unit: diopter (D). Positive for convex, negative for concave lenses. Used in prescribing corrective eyewear. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

LH (Luteinizing Hormone) surge from pituitary triggers release of mature ovum from Graafian follicle (~day 14 of menstrual cycle). Critical for reproductive physiology. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

SHE is the reference electrode with E° = 0.00 V at 298K, 1 atm, 1M H⁺. All other electrode potentials are measured relative to SHE. Fundamental for electrochemical series. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

India has four hotspots: Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Western Ghats. Thar Desert, while ecologically important, isn't classified as a hotspot (requires >1,500 endemic plants and >70% habitat loss). [[MoEFCC, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

de Broglie hypothesis: λ = h/p, where p = momentum. Establishes wave-particle duality for matter. Verified by electron diffraction experiments. Foundational quantum mechanics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Homologous structures (e.g., human arm, bat wing, whale flipper) share similar bone structure but different functions, indicating divergent evolution from common ancestor. Key evidence for evolution. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Tamil Nadu leads in wind energy (~10 GW), leveraging coastal winds. India ranks 4th globally in wind power. Important for energy and current affairs sections. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Zero-order: rate = k, so k has same units as rate (concentration/time). First-order: s⁻¹; Second-order: L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. Unit analysis helps identify reaction order. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Fleming's left-hand rule: for motors (force on current-carrying conductor). Right-hand rule: for generators (induced current). Mnemonic: 'Left for Motor, Right for Generator'. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]