Science – GK Questions

Liver converts toxic ammonia (from protein metabolism) to less toxic urea via ornithine cycle. Urea is excreted by kidneys. Key for nitrogenous waste management. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Primary structure: linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Determines higher-order folding and function. Central to biochemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

AI trained on biased data may discriminate in hiring, lending, policing. Ethical AI requires fairness, transparency, accountability. Emerging topic for governance sections. [[NITI Aayog Principles for Responsible AI]]

Lenz's Law: direction of induced current opposes flux change (conservation of energy). Faraday's Law gives magnitude. Together they describe electromagnetic induction. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Larynx contains vocal cords; vibration produces sound. Epiglottis prevents food entry during swallowing. Key anatomy for physiology questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

t₁/₂ = 0.693/k for first-order reactions. Unlike zero/second-order, it doesn't depend on [A]₀. Useful for radioactive decay calculations. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

World Environment Day (June 5) was established by UN in 1972 to raise global environmental awareness. India hosted the first celebration. Important for current affairs. [[UNEP, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

KE = ½mv²: kinetic energy ∝ mass and ∝ (velocity)². Doubling speed quadruples KE. Critical for mechanics and safety calculations. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

All birds lay eggs (oviparous). No viviparous birds exist. Contrast with mammals where most are viviparous except monotremes. Basic zoology fact. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Square planar [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] shows cis-trans isomerism. Tetrahedral/octahedral symmetric complexes don't. Important for stereochemistry in coordination compounds. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

PDF (Portable Document Format), developed by Adobe, preserves formatting across devices/platforms. Widely used for official documents, e-books, forms. Basic computer awareness. [[NCERT Computer Science]]

Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, same-size images behind the mirror. Real images can be projected on screen; virtual cannot. Fundamental ray optics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin) from posterior pituitary promotes water reabsorption in kidneys. Deficiency causes excessive dilute urine (diabetes insipidus), distinct from diabetes mellitus. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Tollens' test: Aldehydes reduce [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ to metallic silver (silver mirror); ketones don't react. Classic test for carbonyl compounds. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Geothermal energy uses steam/hot water from underground reservoirs for electricity or heating. India has potential in Puga (Ladakh), Manikaran (Himachal). Renewable and baseload. [[MNRE Reports]]

Escape velocity v_e = √(2GM/R) ≈ 11.2 km/s for Earth. Orbital velocity is ~7.9 km/s. Critical for space mission planning. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Anemophily: wind pollination (e.g., grasses, cereals). Flowers are small, inconspicuous, produce abundant light pollen. Contrasts with biotic pollination (insects, birds). [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Disproportionation: one species undergoes both oxidation and reduction. Example: 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂ (O in H₂O₂: -1 → -2 in H₂O and 0 in O₂). Important redox concept. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

HTTPS (HTTP Secure) uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect data integrity and confidentiality. Essential for e-commerce, banking, and privacy. HTTP is unencrypted. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]

R = ρL/A: resistance ∝ length (L), ∝ resistivity (ρ), ∝ 1/area (A). Temperature increases ρ for metals. Fundamental for circuit design. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]