Science – GK Questions

Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, ETC). They have their own DNA and ribosomes, supporting endosymbiotic theory. Fundamental cell biology concept. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

El Niño involves unusual warming of central/eastern tropical Pacific, disrupting global weather (monsoons, droughts, floods). La Niña is the cooling phase. Important for geography. [[IMD Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Colligative properties (vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, etc.) depend only on number of solute particles, not their identity. Important for solution chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Machine Learning algorithms identify patterns in data to make predictions/decisions. Subfields include supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning. Key emerging technology topic. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

SA (sinoatrial) node in right atrium generates electrical impulses initiating heartbeat (~72/min). AV node delays signal for atrial contraction. Critical for circulatory system understanding. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Conservation of angular momentum: if τ_ext = 0, L = constant. Explains ice-skater spin, planetary motion, gyroscopes. Fundamental rotational dynamics principle. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

RNA contains ribose sugar (with -OH at 2' carbon); DNA has deoxyribose (-H at 2' carbon). This structural difference affects stability and function of nucleic acids. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

NAQI has six categories: Good (Green), Satisfactory (Light Green), Moderately Polluted (Yellow), Poor (Orange), Very Poor (Red), Severe (Maroon). Helps public understand pollution levels. [[CPCB Guidelines]]

Food chains start with producers (autotrophs like plants) that convert solar energy to chemical energy. Herbivores are primary consumers. Understanding trophic levels is fundamental. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Interference fringes in Young's experiment confirm light's wave nature (superposition principle). Photoelectric effect shows particle nature. Together they establish wave-particle duality. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Coordination number = number of ligand donor atoms bonded to central metal. Here, six NH₃ molecules coordinate to Co³⁺, giving octahedral geometry. Key concept in Werner's theory. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) is a single-window platform for 1,200+ services (Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, etc.). Part of Digital India for citizen convenience. [[MeitY Reports]]

Female Anopheles mosquito transmits Plasmodium parasites causing malaria. Dengue/Zika are spread by Aedes aegypti. Vector-borne disease knowledge is vital for health sections. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, NVBDCP Guidelines]]

Rectifiers (using diodes) convert alternating current to direct current. Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers are basic power supply components. Essential for electronics fundamentals. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Pi bonds in C=C are weaker and more reactive than sigma bonds, allowing addition of H₂, X₂, HX, etc. Alkanes (only sigma bonds) undergo substitution. Core organic reaction mechanism. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

BOD measures oxygen required by microbes to decompose organic matter in water. High BOD indicates severe pollution. Critical parameter in water quality assessment. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone triggering ripening, senescence, and abscission. Commercially used for artificial ripening of bananas, mangoes. Important for agriculture questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Adiabatic process: Q=0, so ΔU = -W. Temperature changes due to work done. Applies to rapid compression/expansion (e.g., diesel engine, atmospheric phenomena). [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

CO₂ has sp hybridization with two double bonds, resulting in linear shape (180° bond angle). H₂O (bent), NH₃ (pyramidal), CH₄ (tetrahedral). VSEPR theory application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) uses indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CE-7.5/CE-20) for launching heavy satellites to GTO. PSLV uses solid/liquid stages. Key for space tech awareness. [[ISRO Reports]]