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Which technology enables dynamic spectrum sharing between 4G and 5G on same frequency band?
- Carrier Aggregation
- DSS
- MIMO
- Beamforming
Answer: DSS
DSS (Dynamic Spectrum Sharing) allows 4G LTE and 5G NR to coexist on same frequency band by dynamically allocating resources based on real-time demand. Enables faster 5G rollout using existing spectrum without refarming. Trade-off: slight capacity reduction vs accelerated coverage. Key for operators transitioning from 4G to 5G.
Ohm's Law states that current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ohm's Law: I = V/R, where I=current (Amperes), V=voltage (Volts), R=resistance (Ohms). Fundamental for circuit analysis, component selection, and troubleshooting. Applies to ohmic materials at constant temperature. Non-ohmic devices (diodes, transistors) have non-linear V-I characteristics requiring advanced modeling.
Which loop structure guarantees execution of the loop body at least once?
- for
- while
- do-while
- foreach
Answer: do-while
do-while loop checks condition AFTER executing the body, ensuring at least one iteration. Syntax: do { ... } while(condition);. Useful for menu-driven programs, input validation where first attempt is always needed. while/for check condition BEFORE execution, potentially skipping body entirely if condition initially false.
The concept of ensuring AI systems do not discriminate against individuals based on protected attributes is called AI ________.
Answer: Fairness
AI Fairness addresses bias in data, algorithms, and outcomes that may disadvantage groups based on race, gender, caste, religion, etc. Techniques: bias detection metrics, debiasing algorithms, diverse training data, and fairness-aware modeling. Critical for ethical deployment in hiring, lending, policing, and public services.
Which technology enables instant verification of bank account details using account number and IFSC?
- Penny Drop
- NEFT Validation
- RTGS Check
- IMPS Confirm
Answer: Penny Drop
Penny Drop verification sends ₹1 to a bank account using account number and IFSC; successful credit confirms account validity and name match. Used for KYC, onboarding, and fraud prevention in fintech. Automated via NPCI's APIs. Faster and more reliable than manual document verification, enhancing user experience and compliance.
VoNR (Voice over New Radio) enables voice calls directly over 5G standalone networks without falling back to 4G.
- True
- False
Answer: True
VoNR allows native voice service on 5G SA (Standalone) core, eliminating need for EPS Fallback to 4G/VoLTE. Benefits: faster call setup, HD+ voice quality, simultaneous voice+data on 5G, and seamless handover. Requires 5G SA network deployment, compatible devices, and IMS integration. Key milestone in 5G maturity.
Which component stores electrical energy in an electric field?
- Resistor
- Inductor
- Capacitor
- Transformer
Answer: Capacitor
Capacitor stores energy in electric field between two conductive plates separated by dielectric. Measured in Farads. Applications: filtering, timing circuits, power factor correction, energy storage. Inductor stores energy in magnetic field; resistor dissipates energy as heat; transformer transfers energy between circuits via electromagnetic induction.
The programming paradigm that treats computation as evaluation of mathematical functions without changing state is called ________ Programming.
Answer: Functional
Functional Programming emphasizes immutability, pure functions (no side effects), and declarative style. Languages: Haskell, Scala, Lisp; features in Python/JavaScript. Benefits: easier testing, parallelization, and reasoning about code. Contrasts with imperative programming that uses mutable state and explicit control flow.
Which principle of Responsible AI ensures that AI system decisions can be understood and explained to users?
- Fairness
- Accountability
- Transparency
- Privacy
Answer: Transparency
Transparency (Explainable AI/XAI) ensures AI decisions are interpretable by humans, enabling trust, debugging, and regulatory compliance. Techniques: LIME, SHAP, attention visualization. Critical in high-stakes domains: healthcare diagnosis, loan approvals, criminal justice. Balances model complexity with interpretability needs.
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in India is called e₹ (e-Rupee) and is a digital form of legal tender issued by RBI.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e₹ (e-Rupee) is India's CBDC, a digital token representing sovereign currency issued by RBI. Two types: retail (e₹-R) for public transactions via wallets, and wholesale (e₹-W) for interbank settlements. Built on distributed ledger technology but centrally managed. Aims to reduce cash dependency, enhance payment efficiency, and foster innovation.
Which spectrum band was first auctioned for 5G services in India?
- 700 MHz
- 3.3-3.67 GHz
- 24.25-28.5 GHz
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's first 5G spectrum auction (2022) included low-band (700 MHz for coverage), mid-band (3.3-3.67 GHz for capacity/coverage balance), and high-band/mmWave (24.25-28.5 GHz for ultra-high speeds in dense areas). Operators strategically bid based on use cases: rural coverage vs urban capacity vs industrial applications.
The semiconductor device that allows current flow in only one direction is called a ________.
Answer: Diode
Diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device permitting current flow primarily in one direction (forward bias) while blocking reverse current. Applications: rectification (AC to DC), voltage regulation (Zener diode), signal demodulation, and circuit protection. LED is a special diode emitting light when forward-biased.
Which operator is used to check equality of values in most programming languages?
- =
- ==
- ===
- :=
Answer: ==
Double equals (==) checks value equality in C, Java, Python, JavaScript. Single equals (=) is assignment operator. Triple equals (===) in JavaScript checks value AND type equality. := is assignment in Pascal/Go. Understanding operator precedence and type coercion is crucial for writing correct conditional logic in exams and real code.
India's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) focuses exclusively on economic growth and not on social inclusion.
- True
- False
Answer: False
#AIforAll strategy emphasizes inclusive growth across five sectors: healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and mobility. Aims to leverage AI for social empowerment (e.g., AI for farmers, teachers, doctors) alongside economic competitiveness. Establishes responsible AI principles: safety, reliability, inclusivity, and transparency.
Which RBI initiative allows regulated entities to test innovative fintech products in a controlled environment?
- RegTech
- Suptech
- Regulatory Sandbox
- Digital Lending Guidelines
Answer: Regulatory Sandbox
RBI Regulatory Sandbox enables fintech startups and banks to test new products/services with real customers under relaxed regulations for limited period/time/scale. Reduces time-to-market, fosters innovation while managing risks. Themes include retail payments, KYC, lending, cybersecurity. Successful pilots may lead to regulatory framework updates.
The technology that enables multiple users to share same frequency by dividing time into slots is called ________.
Answer: TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides radio frequency into time slots, assigning each user a specific slot for transmission. Used in 2G GSM networks. Contrasts with FDMA (frequency division) and CDMA (code division). 4G/5G use OFDMA which combines time and frequency division with orthogonal subcarriers for higher efficiency.
A transistor can function both as a switch and as an amplifier in electronic circuits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Transistors operate in three regions: cutoff (OFF switch), saturation (ON switch), and active (amplifier). In digital circuits, they switch between cutoff/saturation for binary logic. In analog circuits, active region amplifies weak signals. Fundamental building block of modern electronics from microprocessors to power controllers.
Which data structure is best suited for implementing a priority queue?
- Array
- Linked List
- Heap
- Stack
Answer: Heap
Heap (specifically binary heap) efficiently implements priority queue with O(log n) insertion and extraction of highest/lowest priority element. Arrays/lists require O(n) search for priority element. Heaps maintain partial order: parent node has higher/lower priority than children. Used in scheduling, Dijkstra's algorithm, and event simulation.
Model-based imputation handles missing data by modeling relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.
The Indian policy for promoting research and development in emerging technologies is called National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NM-ICPS funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Builds indigenous capabilities.