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Which regulation requires Data Protection Impact Assessments for high-risk processing activities?
- GDPR
- DPDP Act 2023
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
GDPR Article 35 and DPDP Act Section 10 require DPIAs for processing likely to result in high risk to individuals' rights. Critical for privacy-by-design compliance.
The technique that protects ML models by adding calibrated noise to outputs to prevent inference attacks is called ________ Privacy.
Answer: Differential
Differential Privacy adds mathematical noise to model outputs, providing provable privacy guarantees against membership inference and model inversion attacks.
Model extraction attacks reconstruct proprietary ML models by querying prediction APIs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Model extraction queries API to infer model architecture/parameters, enabling intellectual property theft or adversarial example generation. Mitigation: query rate limiting, output perturbation.
Which attack manipulates the training process to embed backdoors that activate on specific triggers?
- Data Poisoning
- Backdoor Attack
- Model Stealing
- Membership Inference
Answer: Backdoor Attack
Backdoor attacks inject malicious patterns during training that cause targeted misclassification when trigger present. Critical threat requiring robust training data validation.
The practice of managing cloud security policies as code for version control and automation is called Security as ________.
Answer: Code
Security as Code defines policies in declarative format (OPA, Sentinel), enabling version control, testing, automated enforcement. Critical for scalable cloud security governance.
Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) secure workloads across multi-cloud and hybrid environments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CWPP provides unified security for VMs, containers, serverless across AWS, Azure, GCP, on-premises. Critical for consistent security posture in hybrid cloud.
Which cloud security practice involves automatically scanning infrastructure code for misconfigurations before deployment?
- IaC Scanning
- Container Scanning
- Runtime Protection
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Comprehensive cloud security: IaC scanning (Terraform, CloudFormation), container image scanning, runtime protection (Falco, Tetragon). Combined for defense-in-depth.
The practice of encrypting data at the application level before storage or transmission is called ________ Encryption.
Answer: Application-Layer
Application-layer encryption ensures data remains encrypted even if storage or network layers are compromised. Critical for end-to-end data protection in Zero Trust architectures.
Continuous authentication in Zero Trust requires re-verifying user identity throughout a session based on risk context.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Continuous authentication adjusts verification requirements based on behavioral analytics, device posture, location, and other risk signals. Critical for Zero Trust security posture.
Which Zero Trust implementation strategy involves creating dynamic, identity-based network perimeters?
- Software-Defined Perimeter
- Micro-segmentation
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) creates identity-based perimeters; micro-segmentation isolates workloads. Both implement Zero Trust by limiting access to authenticated, authorized entities only.
Instruction tuning adapts LLMs to follow user instructions by training on ________-response pairs.
Answer: Prompt
Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on instruction datasets, improving task completion and helpfulness.
The technique that splits data into training and testing sets while preserving class distribution is called Stratified Sampling.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Stratified sampling maintains class proportions in train/test splits, critical for imbalanced classification.
Content Delivery Networks cache content at edge locations to reduce ________ for global users.
Answer: Latency
CDNs distribute content to edge locations near users, reducing latency and origin load.
The National Education Policy 2020 mandates integration of coding and AI literacy from ________ school.
Answer: Middle
NEP 2020 emphasizes computational thinking, coding, AI exposure from Class 6 onwards.
Model registries track versions, metadata, and lineage of ML models for ________.
Answer: Governance
Model registries manage model versions, parameters, metrics, deployment history.
Hyperparameter tuning optimizes model performance by searching ________ combinations.
Answer: Parameter
Hyperparameter tuning: grid search, random search, Bayesian optimization. Critical for maximizing performance.
A/B testing compares model versions in production to measure ________ impact.
- Technical
- Business
- Security
- All of these
Answer: Business
A/B testing randomly assigns users to model variants, measuring metrics like conversion, engagement.
Self-supervised learning enables models to learn from unlabeled data by predicting ________ tokens.
Answer: Masked
Self-supervised learning creates supervisory signals from data structure: mask prediction, next sentence prediction.
The Indian tax provision that imposes 30% tax on income from virtual digital assets is Section ________.
Answer: 115BBH
Section 115BBH taxes crypto income at 30% plus cess, with 1% TDS on transactions.
The computing paradigm that uses cellular processes for computation is called ________ Computing.
Answer: Cellular / Biological
Cellular computing uses biochemical reactions in cells for parallel computation. Early research stage.