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The practice of continuously assessing device security posture before granting access is called ________ Assessment.
Answer: Device Posture
Device posture assessment evaluates endpoint security: OS patches, antivirus status, encryption, compliance. Critical for Zero Trust access decisions in hybrid environments.
Micro-segmentation in Zero Trust limits lateral movement by isolating workloads at the application level.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Micro-segmentation creates granular security policies around individual workloads/applications, containing breaches and preventing attackers from moving laterally across the network.
Which Zero Trust principle requires continuous verification of trust assumptions?
- Never Trust, Always Verify
- Assume Breach
- Least Privilege Access
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Zero Trust combines: never trust always verify (continuous authentication), assume breach (detect/contain threats), least privilege (minimum access). All principles work together for comprehensive security.
Step-by-step reasoning in LLMs is called Chain-of-________.
Answer: Thought
Chain-of-Thought prompting generates reasoning steps.
Fine-tuning adapts LLMs to specific tasks.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Fine-tuning updates weights on task-specific data.
Which architecture underpins modern LLMs?
- CNN
- RNN
- Transformer
- LSTM
Answer: Transformer
Transformer uses self-attention for parallel sequence processing.
Grouping similar data without labels is called ________.
Answer: Clustering
Clustering discovers natural groupings in unlabeled data.
Feature engineering creates new variables to improve performance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Feature engineering: transformations, interactions, encoding.
Which technique predicts future values from historical data?
- Regression
- Classification
- Time Series Forecasting
- Clustering
Answer: Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting models temporal patterns.
Querying data in object storage is called ________ Query.
Answer: Serverless
Serverless query engines query object storage directly.
Data lakes store raw data; warehouses store structured data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data lakes store raw data; warehouses store curated data.
Which format is optimized for analytics?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- Avro
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage optimized for analytics.
Processing data as it arrives is called ________ Processing.
Answer: Stream
Stream processing handles continuous data flows.
CDC enables real-time replication of database changes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CDC streams database operations for real-time analytics.
Which technology enables distributed stream processing?
- Apache Kafka
- Apache Flink
- Apache Spark Streaming
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Kafka, Flink, Spark Streaming enable real-time analytics.
Proactively searching for threats is called Threat ________.
Answer: Hunting
Threat hunting uses hypotheses and analytics to find hidden adversaries.
IOCs include malicious IPs, domains, file hashes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IOCs are forensic artifacts for proactive blocking.
Which framework standardizes threat information sharing?
- STIX/TAXII
- MITRE ATT&CK
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
STIX/TAXII standardizes exchange; MITRE ATT&CK catalogs TTPs.
Encrypting data at rest, in transit, and in use is called ________ Encryption.
Answer: End-to-End
End-to-end encryption protects data throughout lifecycle.
IaC scanning detects misconfigurations before deployment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IaC scanners analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for issues.