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Which 5G core network architecture enables service-based interfaces and cloud-native deployment?
- EPC
- 5GC
- IMS
- Both B and C
Answer: 5GC
5GC (5G Core) uses service-based architecture (SBA) with cloud-native principles: microservices, containerization, CI/CD. Contrasts with 4G EPC's monolithic design. Benefits: flexibility, scalability, faster feature deployment, and network slicing support. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) handles voice/video services and works with both EPC and 5GC.
A Zener diode is primarily used for voltage regulation in electronic circuits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region to maintain constant voltage across load despite input variations or load changes. Used in voltage regulators, reference circuits, and overvoltage protection. Key parameter: Zener voltage (Vz). Different from regular diodes which block reverse current until breakdown (which may damage them).
Which sorting algorithm has best-case time complexity of O(n) when input is already sorted?
- Quick Sort
- Merge Sort
- Bubble Sort
- Heap Sort
Answer: Bubble Sort
Bubble Sort with optimization (stop if no swaps in a pass) achieves O(n) best-case for already sorted input. However, average/worst-case remains O(n²). For exams: know trade-offs - Bubble (simple, inefficient), Quick (fast average, worst O(n²)), Merge (stable, O(n log n) always), Heap (in-place, O(n log n)).
The principle that AI systems should be designed to allow human oversight and intervention is called human ________.
Answer: in-the-loop
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) ensures humans can monitor, override, or intervene in AI decisions, especially in high-stakes domains. Critical for accountability, error correction, and ethical compliance. Complements human-on-the-loop (supervision) and human-out-of-the-loop (full automation for low-risk tasks). Balances automation benefits with human judgment.
Which technology enables real-time fraud detection in digital payments using pattern analysis?
- Blockchain
- Machine Learning
- OCR
- SMS Gateway
Answer: Machine Learning
ML models analyze transaction patterns (amount, location, time, device) to detect anomalies indicating fraud. Techniques: supervised learning (labeled fraud data), unsupervised anomaly detection, and real-time scoring. Used by banks, UPI apps, and payment gateways. Continuous learning adapts to evolving fraud tactics while minimizing false positives.
Beamforming in 5G focuses radio signals toward specific users to improve signal strength and reduce interference.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Beamforming uses antenna arrays to steer radio waves directionally toward users instead of omnidirectional broadcast. Benefits: higher signal-to-noise ratio, extended coverage, reduced interference, and energy efficiency. Critical for mmWave 5G which has limited propagation. Implemented via digital, analog, or hybrid beamforming techniques.
Which component is used to amplify weak electrical signals in analog circuits?
- Diode
- Transistor
- Resistor
- Capacitor
Answer: Transistor
Transistor (BJT or FET) amplifies weak signals by using small input current/voltage to control larger output current. Configurations: common emitter (high gain), common collector (impedance matching). Foundation of audio amplifiers, radio receivers, and sensor interfaces. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) integrate multiple transistors for precision amplification.
The time complexity of accessing an element in an array by index is ________.
Answer: O(1)
Array access by index is O(1) constant time because memory address is calculated directly: base_address + index * element_size. No traversal needed. Contrasts with linked lists (O(n) for access). This efficiency makes arrays ideal for random access patterns, but insertion/deletion in middle is O(n) due to element shifting.
Which technique is used to detect and mitigate bias in AI training datasets?
- Data Augmentation
- Adversarial Debiasing
- Feature Scaling
- Cross-Validation
Answer: Adversarial Debiasing
Adversarial Debiasing uses adversarial networks to remove correlations between protected attributes (gender, caste) and model predictions while preserving task performance. Other techniques: reweighting samples, bias-aware preprocessing, fairness constraints in loss function. Critical for ethical AI in hiring, lending, and public services where bias can perpetuate inequality.
Neo-banks in India can independently accept deposits and lend money without partnering with licensed banks.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Neo-banks in India are tech-first platforms that partner with licensed banks/NBFCs to offer banking services. RBI does not grant independent banking licenses to neo-banks yet. They focus on UX, analytics, and niche segments while regulated partners handle core banking, compliance, and balance sheet activities. Regulatory evolution ongoing.
Which technology enables multiple antennas to transmit/receive simultaneously for higher data rates in 4G/5G?
- OFDM
- MIMO
- CDMA
- TDMA
Answer: MIMO
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) uses multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver to send/receive multiple data streams simultaneously over same frequency. Increases spectral efficiency, data rates, and link reliability. Evolution: SU-MIMO (single user) to MU-MIMO (multi-user). Foundational for 4G LTE-Advanced and 5G NR performance.
The device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) is called a ________.
Answer: Rectifier
Rectifier converts AC to DC using diodes. Types: half-wave (single diode, inefficient), full-wave (center-tapped or bridge, better efficiency). Used in power supplies for electronics, battery chargers, and DC motor drives. Filter capacitors smooth the pulsating DC output. Critical component in virtually all electronic devices powered from mains.
Which data type is used to store true/false values in most programming languages?
- int
- char
- boolean
- float
Answer: boolean
Boolean data type represents two values: true or false. Named after George Boole, founder of Boolean algebra. Used in conditional statements, loops, and logical operations. Some languages (C) use integers (0=false, non-zero=true), but modern languages (Java, Python, C#) have dedicated bool type for clarity and type safety.
The DPDP Act 2023 requires explicit consent for processing sensitive personal data like biometrics and health information.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DPDP Act 2023 mandates explicit, informed, and specific consent for processing sensitive personal data (biometrics, health, sexual orientation, etc.). Consent must be withdrawable, and purpose limitation applies. Additional safeguards: data minimization, storage limitation, and enhanced rights for data principals. Critical for AI systems using sensitive data.
Which RBI guideline mandates that digital lending apps must be operated only by regulated entities?
- Digital Payments Guidelines
- Digital Lending Guidelines 2022
- NBFC Framework
- P2P Lending Rules
Answer: Digital Lending Guidelines 2022
RBI's Digital Lending Guidelines (2022) require: lending only by regulated entities (banks/NBFCs), direct fund flow between lender and borrower (no third-party pools), standardized key fact statements, cooling-off period, and grievance redressal. Aims to protect consumers from predatory apps, data misuse, and unfair recovery practices.
The 5G feature that allows network resources to be partitioned into multiple virtual networks for different use cases is called network ________.
Answer: Slicing
Network Slicing creates multiple logical networks on shared physical 5G infrastructure, each optimized for specific requirements: ultra-reliable low latency (autonomous vehicles), massive IoT (sensors), enhanced mobile broadband (video). Enables customized QoS, security, and management per slice. Critical for monetizing 5G across industries.
Which logic gate outputs HIGH only when both inputs are HIGH?
- OR
- AND
- XOR
- NAND
Answer: AND
AND gate outputs 1 (HIGH) only when all inputs are 1. Truth table: 0+0→0, 0+1→0, 1+0→0, 1+1→1. Fundamental for digital circuits, arithmetic units, and control logic. NAND/NOR are universal gates (can implement any Boolean function). XOR outputs 1 when inputs differ; useful for parity checks and adders.
Recursion always uses less memory than iteration for solving the same problem.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Recursion typically uses MORE memory due to call stack overhead for each recursive call. Risk of stack overflow for deep recursion. Iteration uses constant memory with loops. However, recursion can simplify code for tree/graph problems, divide-and-conquer algorithms. Tail recursion optimization (in some languages) can mitigate memory issues.
Which Indian government body is responsible for developing standards and guidelines for AI adoption?
- NITI Aayog
- MeitY
- DST
- All of these
Answer: All of these
AI governance in India is multi-stakeholder: NITI Aayog leads strategy (#AIforAll), MeitY handles policy/regulation and DPDP Act, DST funds R&D through NM-ICPS. BIS develops technical standards; CERT-In addresses security. Collaborative approach ensures balanced innovation, ethics, and national interest in AI deployment.
The framework that enables open access to bank transaction data with user consent for financial services is called ________.
Answer: Account Aggregator
Account Aggregator (AA) ecosystem enables consent-based sharing of financial data between institutions. Users control data sharing via AA apps. FIPs (banks, mutual funds) provide data; FIUs (lenders, wealth apps) consume for personalized services. Reduces documentation, speeds up credit decisions, and promotes competition in financial services.