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Which HTML attribute specifies the character encoding for a web page?
- charset
- encoding
- meta
- content-type
Answer: charset
<meta charset='UTF-8'> in HTML <head> specifies character encoding. UTF-8 supports virtually all languages and symbols. Proper encoding prevents display issues and security vulnerabilities like XSS. Fundamental for internationalization and web security awareness in exams.
The Linux command to display disk usage of files and directories is ________.
Answer: du
du (disk usage) shows space used by files/directories. Common options: du -h (human-readable), du -sh /path (summary). df shows filesystem-level free space. Essential for storage management, identifying large files, and optimizing disk usage in system administration tasks.
Which technology enables bidirectional power flow between electric vehicles and the grid?
- Fast Charging
- Wireless Charging
- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
- Battery Swapping
Answer: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
V2G allows EVs to discharge stored energy back to the grid during peak demand, acting as distributed storage. Supports grid stability, renewable integration, and provides revenue to EV owners. Requires smart chargers and regulatory framework. Emerging topic for energy and transportation questions.
The DPDP Act 2023 applies to processing of personal data outside India if it involves profiling of individuals in India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DPDP Act has extraterritorial application: it governs processing of digital personal data (1) within India, and (2) outside India if it relates to offering goods/services or profiling individuals in India. Aligns with GDPR's approach. Critical for multinational compliance and data sovereignty questions.
Which operation has O(1) time complexity in a well-implemented hash table?
- Search
- Insert
- Delete
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Hash tables provide average-case O(1) for search, insert, and delete by computing index via hash function. Worst-case O(n) occurs with many collisions. Load factor < 0.75 and good hash functions maintain performance. Understanding complexity trade-offs is essential for algorithm design questions.
The JavaScript event that fires when a web page has fully loaded is ________.
Answer: DOMContentLoaded / load
DOMContentLoaded fires when HTML is parsed (without waiting for styles/images); load fires when all resources (images, CSS) are fully loaded. Choosing appropriate event ensures scripts execute at right time. Critical for web performance and user experience optimization questions.
Which Linux command is used to compress files using gzip?
- zip
- tar
- gzip
- compress
Answer: gzip
gzip compresses individual files using DEFLATE algorithm, producing .gz extension. tar bundles multiple files (often combined with gzip as .tar.gz). zip creates .zip archives compatible across platforms. Understanding compression tools is essential for backup, storage optimization, and file transfer in system administration.
Energy-efficient buildings in India are certified under the GRIHA rating system.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) is India's national rating system for green buildings, developed by TERI and Ministry of New & Renewable Energy. Evaluates energy/water efficiency, waste management, and sustainable materials. LEED is an international alternative. Important for sustainable development questions.
Which provision of the DPDP Act 2023 allows data principals to correct inaccurate personal data?
- Right to Access
- Right to Correction
- Right to Erasure
- Right to Portability
Answer: Right to Correction
DPDP Act grants data principals rights including: access to summary of processed data, correction of inaccurate/incomplete data, erasure when purpose is fulfilled, and grievance redressal. These rights empower individuals and impose obligations on data fiduciaries. Critical for privacy compliance questions.
A graph with no cycles is called a ________.
Answer: Tree / Acyclic Graph
A connected acyclic graph is a Tree; disconnected acyclic graph is a Forest. Cycles are paths that start and end at same node. Detecting cycles is important in dependency resolution, deadlock prevention, and network analysis. Graph theory fundamentals are tested in SSC JE and programming exams.
Which protocol is used for secure communication between web browsers and servers?
- HTTP
- FTP
- HTTPS
- SMTP
Answer: HTTPS
HTTPS (HTTP Secure) encrypts data using SSL/TLS to protect confidentiality and integrity during transmission. Essential for login pages, payments, and sensitive data. HTTP transmits in plaintext. Browsers mark non-HTTPS sites as 'Not Secure'. Fundamental for web security awareness in all government exams.
In Linux, the sudo command allows authorized users to execute commands with superuser privileges.
- True
- False
Answer: True
sudo (superuser do) grants temporary elevated privileges to authorized users as defined in /etc/sudoers. Promotes least-privilege security model by avoiding persistent root login. Users authenticate with their own password. Critical concept for secure system administration in technical exams.
Which type of solar panel has the highest efficiency but also highest cost?
- Monocrystalline
- Polycrystalline
- Thin-film
- Amorphous
Answer: Monocrystalline
Monocrystalline panels use single-crystal silicon, offering 15-22% efficiency and longer lifespan but higher cost. Polycrystalline is cheaper with 13-16% efficiency. Thin-film is flexible and lightweight but less efficient (10-13%). Choice depends on space, budget, and application. Relevant for renewable energy questions.
The Indian agency responsible for investigating cybercrime cases at the national level is ________.
Answer: NIA / CBI Cyber Cell
While state police handle most cybercrime, National Investigation Agency (NIA) and CBI Cyber Crime Cell investigate major inter-state/international cyber offenses. Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under MHA coordinates response. Understanding jurisdiction and agencies is important for law enforcement questions.
Which algorithm is used to find the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge weights?
- Bellman-Ford
- Dijkstra
- Floyd-Warshall
- Kruskal
Answer: Dijkstra
Dijkstra's algorithm finds shortest paths from a source node to all others in graphs with non-negative weights using a priority queue (O((V+E)log V)). Bellman-Ford handles negative weights; Floyd-Warshall finds all-pairs shortest paths; Kruskal is for minimum spanning tree. Classic graph algorithm for technical exams.
CSS Flexbox is designed for one-dimensional layouts (either row or column).
- True
- False
Answer: True
Flexbox handles one-dimensional layouts: arrange items in a row OR column with flexible sizing, alignment, and order. CSS Grid handles two-dimensional layouts (rows AND columns). Both are modern layout systems replacing floats/positioning. Understanding their use cases is important for responsive design questions.
Which Linux command displays the manual page for a specific command?
- help
- man
- info
- doc
Answer: man
man (manual) displays documentation for Linux commands, system calls, and configuration files. Example: man ls shows options and usage. help is for shell builtins; info provides hypertext docs; doc is not standard. Proficiency with man is essential for self-learning and troubleshooting in system administration.
The technology that captures CO2 emissions from industrial sources for storage or reuse is called ________ Capture and Storage.
Answer: Carbon
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) captures CO2 from power plants/industries, transports it, and stores underground or uses in products (concrete, fuels). Critical for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors. India is developing CCS roadmap as part of net-zero strategy. Emerging topic for environment and technology exams.
Which CERT-In direction mandates VPN service providers to maintain user logs for 180 days?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers including VPNs to maintain logs of customer registration and usage for 180 days, report cyber incidents within 6 hours, and synchronize with NTP. Aimed at enhancing incident response and law enforcement capabilities. Important for cybersecurity compliance questions.
Hash tables provide average-case O(1) time complexity for search, insert, and delete operations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hash tables use hash functions to map keys to array indices, enabling average O(1) operations. Worst-case O(n) occurs with many collisions (resolved via chaining/open addressing). Load factor and good hash functions maintain performance. Critical data structure for efficient lookups in real-world applications and exams.