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Which Indian law provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures?
- DPDP Act 2023
- IT Act 2000
- Cyber Security Strategy
- Data Governance Policy
Answer: IT Act 2000
Information Technology Act 2000 (amended 2008) provides legal framework for e-commerce, electronic records, digital signatures, and cybercrime penalties. Foundation for digital transaction legality in India.
The consensus mechanism used by Ethereum after The Merge is called Proof of ________.
Answer: Stake / PoS
Ethereum transitioned from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake (The Merge, 2022), reducing energy consumption by ~99.95%. Validators stake ETH to propose/attest blocks. Critical for understanding crypto sustainability.
India's crypto tax framework allows loss offsetting against other capital gains.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Section 115BBH taxes crypto income at 30% with no provision for loss offsetting against other income or capital gains. 1% TDS applies on transactions. Critical for crypto tax compliance planning.
Which CBDC design choice impacts user privacy versus regulatory compliance?
- Token vs Account-based
- Centralized vs Distributed Ledger
- Online vs Offline Capability
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC architecture involves trade-offs: token-based offers more privacy but harder AML; distributed ledgers enhance resilience but complex governance; offline mode improves inclusion but security challenges.
The technology that uses AI to optimize energy consumption in buildings is called ________ Management System.
Answer: Building Energy / BEMS
BEMS uses IoT sensors, AI analytics, and automation to optimize HVAC, lighting, and equipment operation. Reduces energy waste by 20-40% while maintaining comfort. Critical for green building certifications.
Which practice reduces electronic waste by extending device lifespan through repair and upgrades?
- Planned Obsolescence
- Right to Repair
- Fast Fashion
- Single-Use Design
Answer: Right to Repair
Right to Repair legislation mandates manufacturers provide parts, tools, documentation for device repair. Reduces e-waste, saves consumer costs, and promotes circular economy. India developing e-waste rules with repair provisions.
Article 6 of Paris Agreement enables international cooperation on carbon markets and emission trading.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 6 establishes frameworks for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) and sustainable development mechanism. Enables countries to collaborate on cost-effective emission reductions.
Which technology converts agricultural waste into biochar for carbon sequestration?
- Pyrolysis
- Gasification
- Composting
- Anaerobic Digestion
Answer: Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis heats biomass without oxygen to produce biochar (stable carbon), bio-oil, syngas. Biochar applied to soil sequesters carbon for centuries while improving fertility. Critical for negative emissions strategies.
The resource extracted from lunar regolith that can be used for rocket fuel is ________.
Answer: Water Ice / Oxygen
Lunar water ice can be electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen for rocket propellant. Enables lunar refueling depot for deep space missions. Critical for sustainable space exploration economics.
Which technology enables seamless handover between satellites in LEO constellations?
- Inter-Satellite Links
- Ground Station Handoff
- Beam Steering
- All of these
Answer: All of these
LEO constellations require: inter-satellite laser links for backbone, ground station handoff for coverage, beam steering for user tracking. Critical for continuous global connectivity.
In-orbit manufacturing enables production of high-quality materials in microgravity conditions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Microgravity enables production of perfect crystals, fiber optics, pharmaceuticals without sedimentation/convection defects. Companies like Varda Space Industries developing in-orbit factories. Critical for space economy questions.
Which error correction approach is critical for building fault-tolerant quantum computers?
- Classical Redundancy
- Quantum Error Correction Codes
- Increased Qubit Count
- Faster Gates
Answer: Quantum Error Correction Codes
QEC codes (surface code, Shor code) encode logical qubits across multiple physical qubits to detect/correct errors. Requires significant overhead but essential for scalable quantum computation.
Which quantum application enables ultra-precise navigation without GPS signals?
- Quantum Sensing
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Cryptography
Answer: Quantum Sensing
Quantum sensors (atom interferometers) measure acceleration, rotation with extreme precision for navigation in GPS-denied environments: submarines, underground, space. Critical for strategic autonomy.
India's Responsible AI strategy emphasizes human oversight for high-stakes automated decisions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
#AIforAll and DPDP Act require human review for significant automated decisions affecting rights, benefits, or obligations. Balances efficiency with accountability and redressal. Critical for AI policy questions.
The practice of testing AI systems with diverse datasets to detect bias is called ________ Testing.
Answer: Bias / Fairness
Bias Testing evaluates AI performance across demographic groups to identify disparate impact. Techniques: disaggregated metrics, counterfactual fairness, adversarial debiasing. Critical for equitable AI deployment.
Model cards provide standardized documentation of AI model purpose, performance, and limitations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Model Cards (Google proposal) document: intended use, training data, evaluation metrics, ethical considerations. Enable informed deployment and accountability. Adopted by many AI developers globally.
Which principle ensures AI systems are robust against adversarial attacks and errors?
- Fairness
- Robustness
- Transparency
- Privacy
Answer: Robustness
Robustness requires AI systems to perform reliably under normal conditions, edge cases, and adversarial inputs. Techniques: adversarial training, uncertainty quantification, fallback mechanisms. Critical for safety-critical AI applications.
The pilot phase of India's retail CBDC allows transactions via ________ wallets issued by partner banks.
Answer: Digital / e₹
e₹-R pilot involves major banks issuing digital wallets for retail transactions: P2P, P2M, QR payments. Tests usability, scalability, and integration with existing payment systems before full rollout.
Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies pegged to stable assets like fiat currency or commodities.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Stablecoins (USDT, USDC) maintain value via reserves or algorithms. Used for trading, remittances, DeFi. Regulatory focus: reserve transparency, redemption rights, systemic risk. Critical for crypto ecosystem understanding.
Which CBDC benefit enables faster cross-border payments compared to traditional systems?
- 24/7 Availability
- Direct Settlement
- Reduced Intermediaries
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border payments: operate 24/7, enable direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, reduce correspondent banking layers. Critical for trade finance and remittance efficiency.