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Which principle is foundational to Zero Trust Architecture?
- Trust but Verify
- Never Trust, Always Verify
- Perimeter Defense
- Implicit Trust
Answer: Never Trust, Always Verify
Zero Trust assumes breach and verifies every request regardless of source. Implements identity verification, least privilege, micro-segmentation, continuous monitoring.
Which platform enables seamless transfer of education credentials between institutions using blockchain?
- DigiLocker
- Academic Bank of Credits
- National Digital Education Architecture
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's digital education ecosystem integrates: DigiLocker (store/share certificates), Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) for credit accumulation/transfer under NEP 2020, and NDEAR (National Digital Education Architecture) for interoperable standards. Blockchain pilots ensure tamper-proof credential verification. Supports lifelong learning and student mobility.
Which cloud cost optimization strategy involves shutting down non-production resources during off-hours?
- Right-sizing
- Auto-scaling
- Scheduling
- Reserved Instances
Answer: Scheduling
Scheduling (or start-stop automation) shuts down dev/test environments nights and weekends, reducing costs by 60-70%. Implemented via cloud provider tools (AWS Instance Scheduler, Azure Automation) or third-party solutions. Complements other strategies: right-sizing (match resources to workload), reserved instances (commitment discounts), and auto-scaling (demand-based scaling).
Which database design pattern stores historical changes to data by adding new rows instead of updating existing ones?
- Soft Delete
- Temporal Tables
- Event Sourcing
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Temporal Tables (SQL:2011 standard) automatically track row history with system-versioned tables. Event Sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Both support audit trails, time-travel queries, and compliance. Trade-offs: increased storage and query complexity for historical analysis.
Which Indian regulation mandates data localization for certain categories of personal data?
- IT Act 2000
- DPDP Act 2023
- RBI Payment Data Directive
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Data localization requirements exist in: RBI directive (payment system data stored only in India), DPDP Act 2023 (significant data fiduciaries may be notified for localization), and sectoral guidelines (telecom, health). Balances data sovereignty, law enforcement access, and global data flow needs. Compliance requires careful architecture planning.
Which initiative provides a digital platform for citizens to participate in policy discussions and give feedback?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- e-Taal
Answer: MyGov
MyGov is a citizen engagement platform launched under Digital India. Enables Indians to participate in policy discussions, submit ideas, vote on proposals, and provide feedback on government initiatives. Fosters collaborative governance, transparent decision-making, and inclusive policy formulation through digital participation.
Which ISRO satellite provides high-resolution imagery for urban planning and infrastructure monitoring?
- CARTOSAT-3
- EOS-06
- GSAT-7A
- IRNSS-1I
Answer: CARTOSAT-3
CARTOSAT-3 is a third-generation agile advanced earth observation satellite with sub-meter resolution (0.25m panchromatic). Used for cartography, urban planning, infrastructure monitoring, and strategic applications. Launch on PSLV in 2019. Part of India's self-reliance in high-resolution remote sensing data for development and security.
Which cloud service provides on-demand access to virtual machines, storage, and networks?
- SaaS
- PaaS
- IaaS
- FaaS
Answer: IaaS
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides fundamental computing resources: virtual machines, storage, networks, and operating systems. Customers manage applications, data, runtime, and middleware. Examples: AWS EC2, Azure VMs, Google Compute Engine. Offers maximum flexibility but requires more management than PaaS or SaaS.
Which SQL clause is used to combine the result sets of two or more SELECT statements?
- JOIN
- MERGE
- UNION
- COMBINE
Answer: UNION
UNION combines result sets of multiple SELECT queries into a single result, removing duplicates by default. UNION ALL retains duplicates and is faster. Requirements: same number of columns, compatible data types, and same column order. Useful for consolidating data from similar tables or partitioned datasets.
Which authentication protocol is commonly used for single sign-on (SSO) in enterprise environments?
- OAuth 2.0
- SAML
- OpenID Connect
- All of these
Answer: All of these
SSO protocols: SAML (XML-based, enterprise SSO), OAuth 2.0 (authorization framework), OpenID Connect (identity layer on OAuth). Often used together: OIDC for user authentication, OAuth for API access delegation. Enables seamless access to multiple applications with one login, improving user experience and security management.
Which initiative enables paperless, faceless, and cashless service delivery for citizens under Digital India?
- e-Office
- e-Taal
- JAM Trinity
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India promotes paperless (digital documents), faceless (online processes without physical interface), and cashless (digital payments) governance. e-Office digitizes file management; e-Taal tracks e-service transactions; JAM (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) enables direct benefit transfers. Together they transform service delivery efficiency and transparency.
Which ISRO technology demonstrator successfully tested autonomous landing of a reusable launch vehicle?
- RLV-TD HEX01
- RLV LEX
- AVM
- Both A and B
Answer: Both A and B
RLV-TD (Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator) program includes: HEX01 (hypersonic flight test, 2016) and LEX (Landing Experiment, 2023) which demonstrated autonomous landing of a winged body. These tests advance India's capability for cost-effective access to space through reusable rocket technology.
Which cloud storage class is most cost-effective for data accessed less than once a year?
- Standard
- Infrequent Access
- Archive
- Glacier Deep Archive
Answer: Glacier Deep Archive
Glacier Deep Archive (AWS) or equivalent cold storage tiers offer lowest cost for long-term retention with retrieval times of 12+ hours. Ideal for regulatory archives, backups, and historical data. Trade-off: low storage cost but high retrieval cost/latency. Choose storage class based on access frequency and RTO/RPO requirements.
Which database isolation level prevents dirty reads but allows non-repeatable reads and phantom reads?
- Read Uncommitted
- Read Committed
- Repeatable Read
- Serializable
Answer: Read Committed
Read Committed isolation level ensures transactions see only committed data (prevents dirty reads). However, same query in same transaction may return different results if other transactions modify data (non-repeatable reads) or add new rows (phantom reads). Default in PostgreSQL and Oracle; balances consistency and concurrency.
Which platform allows citizens to report grievances related to government services and track resolution status?
- MyGov
- CPGRAMS
- UMANG
- DigiLocker
Answer: CPGRAMS
CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System) is an online platform for lodging and tracking grievances against central government ministries/departments. Features: unique registration number, escalation mechanism, time-bound resolution, and public dashboard. Promotes accountability and responsive governance.
Which ISRO mission demonstrated in-orbit servicing capability by refueling a satellite?
- SPADEX
- POEM
- DS-SAR
- Not yet demonstrated
Answer: Not yet demonstrated
As of 2026, ISRO has not yet demonstrated in-orbit refueling. SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) tested docking/undocking, a prerequisite for servicing. POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) demonstrated using spent rocket stage as orbital platform. In-orbit servicing remains a future goal for satellite life extension and space debris management.
Which cloud deployment model is exclusively used by a single organization with private infrastructure?
- Public Cloud
- Private Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Community Cloud
Answer: Private Cloud
Private Cloud is dedicated infrastructure for a single organization, offering maximum control, security, and customization. Can be on-premises or hosted by third party. Suitable for regulated industries (banking, defense) with strict compliance needs. Higher cost than public cloud but better data sovereignty and performance isolation.
Which SQL command is used to remove a table and all its data permanently from the database?
- DELETE
- TRUNCATE
- DROP
- REMOVE
Answer: DROP
DROP TABLE removes the entire table structure and all data permanently; cannot be rolled back in most systems. DELETE removes rows (can use WHERE, can be rolled back). TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly but keeps table structure. DROP is a DDL command; DELETE/TRUNCATE are DML commands.
Which ISRO satellite series is dedicated to monitoring Earth's climate and environment?
- CARTOSAT
- EOS
- GSAT
- IRNSS
Answer: EOS
EOS (Earth Observation Satellite) series includes satellites like EOS-01, EOS-03, EOS-04 for climate monitoring, agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and ocean studies. These satellites carry advanced sensors for multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar imaging to support sustainable development and environmental protection.
Which initiative provides a common API framework for enabling credit flow to MSMEs using alternative data?
- ONDC
- OCEN
- AA
- e-SAMADHAN
Answer: OCEN
OCEN (Open Credit Enablement Network) is a protocol that standardizes interactions between Lenders, Loan Service Providers (LSPs), and Account Aggregators. It enables MSMEs and individuals to access credit using digital footprints (cash flow, GST, UPI) instead of traditional collateral, promoting financial inclusion.