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Beamforming in 5G focuses radio signals toward specific users to improve signal strength and reduce interference.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Beamforming uses antenna arrays to steer radio waves directionally toward users instead of omnidirectional broadcast. Benefits: higher signal-to-noise ratio, extended coverage, reduced interference, and energy efficiency. Critical for mmWave 5G which has limited propagation. Implemented via digital, analog, or hybrid beamforming techniques.
Neo-banks in India can independently accept deposits and lend money without partnering with licensed banks.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Neo-banks in India are tech-first platforms that partner with licensed banks/NBFCs to offer banking services. RBI does not grant independent banking licenses to neo-banks yet. They focus on UX, analytics, and niche segments while regulated partners handle core banking, compliance, and balance sheet activities. Regulatory evolution ongoing.
The DPDP Act 2023 requires explicit consent for processing sensitive personal data like biometrics and health information.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DPDP Act 2023 mandates explicit, informed, and specific consent for processing sensitive personal data (biometrics, health, sexual orientation, etc.). Consent must be withdrawable, and purpose limitation applies. Additional safeguards: data minimization, storage limitation, and enhanced rights for data principals. Critical for AI systems using sensitive data.
Recursion always uses less memory than iteration for solving the same problem.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Recursion typically uses MORE memory due to call stack overhead for each recursive call. Risk of stack overflow for deep recursion. Iteration uses constant memory with loops. However, recursion can simplify code for tree/graph problems, divide-and-conquer algorithms. Tail recursion optimization (in some languages) can mitigate memory issues.
Ohm's Law states that current through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ohm's Law: I = V/R, where I=current (Amperes), V=voltage (Volts), R=resistance (Ohms). Fundamental for circuit analysis, component selection, and troubleshooting. Applies to ohmic materials at constant temperature. Non-ohmic devices (diodes, transistors) have non-linear V-I characteristics requiring advanced modeling.
VoNR (Voice over New Radio) enables voice calls directly over 5G standalone networks without falling back to 4G.
- True
- False
Answer: True
VoNR allows native voice service on 5G SA (Standalone) core, eliminating need for EPS Fallback to 4G/VoLTE. Benefits: faster call setup, HD+ voice quality, simultaneous voice+data on 5G, and seamless handover. Requires 5G SA network deployment, compatible devices, and IMS integration. Key milestone in 5G maturity.
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in India is called e₹ (e-Rupee) and is a digital form of legal tender issued by RBI.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e₹ (e-Rupee) is India's CBDC, a digital token representing sovereign currency issued by RBI. Two types: retail (e₹-R) for public transactions via wallets, and wholesale (e₹-W) for interbank settlements. Built on distributed ledger technology but centrally managed. Aims to reduce cash dependency, enhance payment efficiency, and foster innovation.
India's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) focuses exclusively on economic growth and not on social inclusion.
- True
- False
Answer: False
#AIforAll strategy emphasizes inclusive growth across five sectors: healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and mobility. Aims to leverage AI for social empowerment (e.g., AI for farmers, teachers, doctors) alongside economic competitiveness. Establishes responsible AI principles: safety, reliability, inclusivity, and transparency.
A transistor can function both as a switch and as an amplifier in electronic circuits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Transistors operate in three regions: cutoff (OFF switch), saturation (ON switch), and active (amplifier). In digital circuits, they switch between cutoff/saturation for binary logic. In analog circuits, active region amplifies weak signals. Fundamental building block of modern electronics from microprocessors to power controllers.
Model-based imputation handles missing data by modeling relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.
The Indian policy for promoting research and development in emerging technologies is called National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NM-ICPS funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Builds indigenous capabilities.
The technique that reduces model complexity to prevent overfitting is called Regularization.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Regularization adds penalty terms to loss function or randomly drops units during training.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate code by learning from programming language corpora is called Code LLM/Generation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Code LLMs enable natural language to code generation, debugging, documentation.
The international organization that develops global internet governance policies is called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model.
The Indian initiative for promoting electric vehicle adoption through subsidies is called FAME India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FAME provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate multiple plausible responses and select the best is called Beam/Nucleus Sampling.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Advanced decoding: beam search explores multiple hypotheses, nucleus sampling truncates low-probability tokens. Balance diversity and coherence.
The initiative for global cooperation on cybersecurity capacity building is called Global Cybersecurity Index.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ITU Global Cybersecurity Index assesses national cybersecurity commitment across legal, technical, organizational, capacity building, cooperation dimensions.
The practice of simulating cyberattacks to test organizational defenses is called Red Team Testing.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Red teaming conducts adversarial simulations (cyber, physical, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, resilience. Distinct from vulnerability scanning.
Retail CBDC (e₹-R) enables programmable welfare payments with usage restrictions to prevent misuse.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Programmable CBDC allows conditional transfers for specific goods/services (food, education), enhancing policy effectiveness while requiring careful privacy design.
In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) enables production of rocket propellant from lunar water ice.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ISRU extracts water ice, electrolyzes into hydrogen/oxygen for propellant. Critical for sustainable lunar exploration and deep space missions by reducing Earth launch mass.