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Which ISRO satellite provides high-resolution imagery for urban planning and infrastructure monitoring?
- CARTOSAT-3
- EOS-06
- GSAT-7A
- IRNSS-1I
Answer: CARTOSAT-3
CARTOSAT-3 is a third-generation agile advanced earth observation satellite with sub-meter resolution (0.25m panchromatic). Used for cartography, urban planning, infrastructure monitoring, and strategic applications. Launch on PSLV in 2019. Part of India's self-reliance in high-resolution remote sensing data for development and security.
Which cloud service provides on-demand access to virtual machines, storage, and networks?
- SaaS
- PaaS
- IaaS
- FaaS
Answer: IaaS
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides fundamental computing resources: virtual machines, storage, networks, and operating systems. Customers manage applications, data, runtime, and middleware. Examples: AWS EC2, Azure VMs, Google Compute Engine. Offers maximum flexibility but requires more management than PaaS or SaaS.
Which SQL clause is used to combine the result sets of two or more SELECT statements?
- JOIN
- MERGE
- UNION
- COMBINE
Answer: UNION
UNION combines result sets of multiple SELECT queries into a single result, removing duplicates by default. UNION ALL retains duplicates and is faster. Requirements: same number of columns, compatible data types, and same column order. Useful for consolidating data from similar tables or partitioned datasets.
Which authentication protocol is commonly used for single sign-on (SSO) in enterprise environments?
- OAuth 2.0
- SAML
- OpenID Connect
- All of these
Answer: All of these
SSO protocols: SAML (XML-based, enterprise SSO), OAuth 2.0 (authorization framework), OpenID Connect (identity layer on OAuth). Often used together: OIDC for user authentication, OAuth for API access delegation. Enables seamless access to multiple applications with one login, improving user experience and security management.
Which initiative enables paperless, faceless, and cashless service delivery for citizens under Digital India?
- e-Office
- e-Taal
- JAM Trinity
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India promotes paperless (digital documents), faceless (online processes without physical interface), and cashless (digital payments) governance. e-Office digitizes file management; e-Taal tracks e-service transactions; JAM (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) enables direct benefit transfers. Together they transform service delivery efficiency and transparency.
Which ISRO technology demonstrator successfully tested autonomous landing of a reusable launch vehicle?
- RLV-TD HEX01
- RLV LEX
- AVM
- Both A and B
Answer: Both A and B
RLV-TD (Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator) program includes: HEX01 (hypersonic flight test, 2016) and LEX (Landing Experiment, 2023) which demonstrated autonomous landing of a winged body. These tests advance India's capability for cost-effective access to space through reusable rocket technology.
Which cloud storage class is most cost-effective for data accessed less than once a year?
- Standard
- Infrequent Access
- Archive
- Glacier Deep Archive
Answer: Glacier Deep Archive
Glacier Deep Archive (AWS) or equivalent cold storage tiers offer lowest cost for long-term retention with retrieval times of 12+ hours. Ideal for regulatory archives, backups, and historical data. Trade-off: low storage cost but high retrieval cost/latency. Choose storage class based on access frequency and RTO/RPO requirements.
Which database isolation level prevents dirty reads but allows non-repeatable reads and phantom reads?
- Read Uncommitted
- Read Committed
- Repeatable Read
- Serializable
Answer: Read Committed
Read Committed isolation level ensures transactions see only committed data (prevents dirty reads). However, same query in same transaction may return different results if other transactions modify data (non-repeatable reads) or add new rows (phantom reads). Default in PostgreSQL and Oracle; balances consistency and concurrency.
Which platform allows citizens to report grievances related to government services and track resolution status?
- MyGov
- CPGRAMS
- UMANG
- DigiLocker
Answer: CPGRAMS
CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System) is an online platform for lodging and tracking grievances against central government ministries/departments. Features: unique registration number, escalation mechanism, time-bound resolution, and public dashboard. Promotes accountability and responsive governance.
Which ISRO mission demonstrated in-orbit servicing capability by refueling a satellite?
- SPADEX
- POEM
- DS-SAR
- Not yet demonstrated
Answer: Not yet demonstrated
As of 2026, ISRO has not yet demonstrated in-orbit refueling. SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) tested docking/undocking, a prerequisite for servicing. POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) demonstrated using spent rocket stage as orbital platform. In-orbit servicing remains a future goal for satellite life extension and space debris management.
Which cloud deployment model is exclusively used by a single organization with private infrastructure?
- Public Cloud
- Private Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Community Cloud
Answer: Private Cloud
Private Cloud is dedicated infrastructure for a single organization, offering maximum control, security, and customization. Can be on-premises or hosted by third party. Suitable for regulated industries (banking, defense) with strict compliance needs. Higher cost than public cloud but better data sovereignty and performance isolation.
Which SQL command is used to remove a table and all its data permanently from the database?
- DELETE
- TRUNCATE
- DROP
- REMOVE
Answer: DROP
DROP TABLE removes the entire table structure and all data permanently; cannot be rolled back in most systems. DELETE removes rows (can use WHERE, can be rolled back). TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly but keeps table structure. DROP is a DDL command; DELETE/TRUNCATE are DML commands.
Which ISRO satellite series is dedicated to monitoring Earth's climate and environment?
- CARTOSAT
- EOS
- GSAT
- IRNSS
Answer: EOS
EOS (Earth Observation Satellite) series includes satellites like EOS-01, EOS-03, EOS-04 for climate monitoring, agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and ocean studies. These satellites carry advanced sensors for multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar imaging to support sustainable development and environmental protection.
Which initiative provides a common API framework for enabling credit flow to MSMEs using alternative data?
- ONDC
- OCEN
- AA
- e-SAMADHAN
Answer: OCEN
OCEN (Open Credit Enablement Network) is a protocol that standardizes interactions between Lenders, Loan Service Providers (LSPs), and Account Aggregators. It enables MSMEs and individuals to access credit using digital footprints (cash flow, GST, UPI) instead of traditional collateral, promoting financial inclusion.
Which CERT-In directive (2022) mandates service providers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours?
- Direction 12
- Direction 20
- Direction 44
- Direction 66
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) mandates service providers, intermediaries, and data centers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours of noticing. Also requires maintaining logs for 180 days, KYC for VPN users, and time synchronization. Aimed at improving incident response and threat intelligence sharing.
Which Indian government cloud initiative provides secure cloud infrastructure for government departments?
- AWS GovCloud
- MeghRaj (GI Cloud)
- Azure Government
- NIC Cloud
Answer: MeghRaj (GI Cloud)
MeghRaj (GI Cloud) is India's government cloud initiative launched by MeitY to optimize ICT spending, ensure data sovereignty, and provide secure, scalable cloud services to government entities. It empanels certified cloud service providers and defines standards for security, interoperability, and portability.
Which type of ransomware encrypts files and also exfiltrates data to threaten public release if ransom is not paid?
- Crypto-ransomware
- Locker ransomware
- Double extortion ransomware
- Scareware
Answer: Double extortion ransomware
Double extortion ransomware combines file encryption with data theft. Attackers threaten to publish sensitive data if ransom isn't paid, increasing pressure on victims. This evolved tactic makes backups insufficient as a sole defense. Prevention requires DLP, encryption, network segmentation, and incident response planning.
Which database index type is best suited for range queries like 'BETWEEN' or 'greater than'?
- Hash Index
- B-Tree Index
- Bitmap Index
- Inverted Index
Answer: B-Tree Index
B-Tree indexes maintain sorted data and allow efficient range queries, equality searches, and ordered retrieval. Hash indexes are optimal only for exact match lookups. Bitmap indexes work well for low-cardinality columns. Inverted indexes are used in full-text search engines.
Which technology enables real-time urban air quality monitoring?
- IoT Sensors
- Satellite
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Urban air quality combines IoT, satellites, AI for source attribution.
Which ISRO mission is jointly developed with NASA?
- CARTOSAT-3
- NISAR
- EOS-06
- RESOURCESAT-3
Answer: NISAR
NISAR is joint Earth-observation satellite using dual-frequency radar.