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Which storage format is optimized for analytics workloads?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- Avro
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: compression, predicate pushdown.
Which technology enables continuous verification of user identity in Zero Trust?
- Multi-Factor Authentication
- Adaptive Authentication
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
MFA requires multiple authentication factors; adaptive authentication adjusts requirements based on risk context.
Which component enables Transformers to focus on relevant parts of input sequences?
- Attention Mechanism
- Feed-Forward Networks
- Positional Encoding
- Layer Normalization
Answer: Attention Mechanism
Self-attention computes weighted relationships between tokens, enabling context-aware processing. Foundation of Transformer success.
Which metadata management practice enables data discovery and governance in data lakes?
- Data Catalog
- Data Lineage
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Data catalogs enable discovery; data lineage tracks data flow and transformations. Both critical for data governance.
Which technology enables distributed messaging with high throughput and durability?
- Apache Kafka
- RabbitMQ
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Kafka excels at high-throughput event streaming; RabbitMQ at flexible routing. Both enable event-driven architectures.
Which technique analyzes malware behavior in isolated environments?
- Static Analysis
- Dynamic Analysis
- Sandboxing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution).
Which service provides managed secrets management for cloud applications?
- AWS Secrets Manager
- Azure Key Vault
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed secrets managers store, rotate, and control access to credentials, API keys, certificates. Critical for secure cloud applications.
Which technology enables continuous verification of device health in Zero Trust?
- Endpoint Detection and Response
- Device Posture Assessment
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
EDR monitors endpoint behavior; device posture assesses security configuration. Both enable continuous verification in Zero Trust.
Which Indian initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access government services?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents.
Which architecture forms the foundation of modern Large Language Models?
- CNN
- RNN
- Transformer
- LSTM
Answer: Transformer
Transformer architecture uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequences in parallel, enabling scaling to billions of parameters.
Which storage format is optimized for analytics workloads with columnar access?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- Avro
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution.
Which technology enables distributed stream processing with exactly-once semantics?
- Apache Kafka
- Apache Flink
- Apache Spark Streaming
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Kafka (messaging), Flink (stream processing), Spark Streaming (micro-batch) enable real-time analytics with varying consistency guarantees.
Which framework standardizes threat information sharing using structured formats?
- STIX/TAXII
- MITRE ATT&CK
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
STIX/TAXII standardizes threat data exchange; MITRE ATT&CK catalogs adversary TTPs. Both enable threat-informed defense and collaboration.
Which cloud security model defines shared responsibilities between provider and customer?
- Shared Responsibility Model
- Zero Trust
- Defense in Depth
- Least Privilege
Answer: Shared Responsibility Model
Cloud provider secures infrastructure ('security OF cloud'); customer secures data/apps ('security IN cloud'). Responsibilities vary by service model (IaaS/PaaS/SaaS).
Which principle is foundational to Zero Trust Architecture?
- Trust but Verify
- Never Trust, Always Verify
- Perimeter Defense
- Implicit Trust
Answer: Never Trust, Always Verify
Zero Trust assumes breach and verifies every request regardless of source. Implements identity verification, least privilege, micro-segmentation, continuous monitoring.
Which platform enables seamless transfer of education credentials between institutions using blockchain?
- DigiLocker
- Academic Bank of Credits
- National Digital Education Architecture
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's digital education ecosystem integrates: DigiLocker (store/share certificates), Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) for credit accumulation/transfer under NEP 2020, and NDEAR (National Digital Education Architecture) for interoperable standards. Blockchain pilots ensure tamper-proof credential verification. Supports lifelong learning and student mobility.
Which cloud cost optimization strategy involves shutting down non-production resources during off-hours?
- Right-sizing
- Auto-scaling
- Scheduling
- Reserved Instances
Answer: Scheduling
Scheduling (or start-stop automation) shuts down dev/test environments nights and weekends, reducing costs by 60-70%. Implemented via cloud provider tools (AWS Instance Scheduler, Azure Automation) or third-party solutions. Complements other strategies: right-sizing (match resources to workload), reserved instances (commitment discounts), and auto-scaling (demand-based scaling).
Which database design pattern stores historical changes to data by adding new rows instead of updating existing ones?
- Soft Delete
- Temporal Tables
- Event Sourcing
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Temporal Tables (SQL:2011 standard) automatically track row history with system-versioned tables. Event Sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Both support audit trails, time-travel queries, and compliance. Trade-offs: increased storage and query complexity for historical analysis.
Which Indian regulation mandates data localization for certain categories of personal data?
- IT Act 2000
- DPDP Act 2023
- RBI Payment Data Directive
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Data localization requirements exist in: RBI directive (payment system data stored only in India), DPDP Act 2023 (significant data fiduciaries may be notified for localization), and sectoral guidelines (telecom, health). Balances data sovereignty, law enforcement access, and global data flow needs. Compliance requires careful architecture planning.
Which initiative provides a digital platform for citizens to participate in policy discussions and give feedback?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- e-Taal
Answer: MyGov
MyGov is a citizen engagement platform launched under Digital India. Enables Indians to participate in policy discussions, submit ideas, vote on proposals, and provide feedback on government initiatives. Fosters collaborative governance, transparent decision-making, and inclusive policy formulation through digital participation.