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Which DeFi risk arises from smart contract vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers?
- Impermanent Loss
- Smart Contract Risk
- Oracle Manipulation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
DeFi risks: smart contract bugs enable fund theft, oracle manipulation feeds false prices, impermanent loss affects liquidity providers. Critical for DeFi security understanding.
Which advantage do neuromorphic chips offer over traditional GPUs for AI inference?
- Higher Precision
- Lower Energy Consumption
- Larger Memory
- Faster Clock Speed
Answer: Lower Energy Consumption
Neuromorphic chips achieve orders-of-magnitude better energy efficiency by mimicking brain's event-driven, sparse computation. Critical for edge AI and sustainable computing.
Which technique protects ML models from adversarial attacks by training with perturbed inputs?
- Adversarial Training
- Defensive Distillation
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Adversarial training includes adversarial examples in training data; defensive distillation smooths model outputs. Both improve robustness against adversarial attacks.
Which DeFi protocol enables automated market making without order books?
- Uniswap
- Aave
- Compound
- MakerDAO
Answer: Uniswap
Uniswap uses automated market maker (AMM) model with liquidity pools instead of order books. Enables permissionless token trading with constant product formula.
Which technology enables real-time monitoring of renewable energy generation for grid balancing?
- SCADA
- IoT Sensors
- AI Forecasting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Renewable integration combines SCADA for control, IoT sensors for real-time data, AI forecasting for generation prediction. Critical for grid stability with high renewable penetration.
Which ISRO mission is designed to study Venus's atmosphere and surface?
- Shukrayaan-1
- Mangalyaan-2
- Aditya-L2
- Gaganyaan-2
Answer: Shukrayaan-1
Shukrayaan-1 is India's planned Venus orbiter mission (target launch ~2028) to study the planet's thick atmosphere, surface processes, and solar wind interactions.
Which computing paradigm mimics brain architecture for energy-efficient AI processing?
- Quantum Computing
- Neuromorphic Computing
- Optical Computing
- Analog Computing
Answer: Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic chips (Intel Loihi, IBM TrueNorth) use spiking neural networks and event-driven processing for orders-of-magnitude better energy efficiency than GPUs for AI tasks.
Which quantum algorithm threatens RSA encryption by factoring large integers efficiently?
- Grover's Algorithm
- Shor's Algorithm
- Quantum Fourier Transform
- Variational Quantum Eigensolver
Answer: Shor's Algorithm
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, breaking RSA which relies on factoring difficulty. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available.
Which attack manipulates ML model inputs to cause misclassification while appearing normal to humans?
- Data Poisoning
- Adversarial Examples
- Model Inversion
- Membership Inference
Answer: Adversarial Examples
Adversarial examples add imperceptible perturbations to inputs that cause ML models to misclassify. Critical vulnerability for computer vision, NLP systems requiring robust defenses.
Which cloud pattern enables automatic failover between regions for high availability?
- Multi-Region Active-Active
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Backup and Restore
Answer: Multi-Region Active-Active
Active-active architecture runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Critical for mission-critical systems requiring maximum resilience.
Which initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access multiple government services?
- MyGov
- UMANG
- DigiLocker
- All of these
Answer: UMANG
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) is a single app providing access to 1,200+ central and state services: Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, utilities, education, health. Features: multilingual support, voice search, offline access. MyGov is for engagement; DigiLocker for documents; UMANG for service delivery.
Which of the following is a non-impact printer?
- Dot Matrix
- Inkjet
- Daisy Wheel
- Line Printer
Answer: Inkjet
Inkjet printers spray tiny ink droplets without physical contact with paper (non-impact). Laser printers use toner and electrostatic charges. Impact printers (Dot Matrix, Daisy Wheel, Line) strike ribbon against paper, producing noise but capable of multi-part forms. Inkjet/Laser dominate home/office use.
What does 'LAN' stand for in networking?
- Large Area Network
- Local Area Network
- Long Access Network
- Linked Access Node
Answer: Local Area Network
LAN (Local Area Network) connects devices within a limited area like home, office, or campus using Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Enables resource sharing (printers, files) and internet access. Contrasted with WAN (Wide Area Network) like internet that spans large geographic distances.
Which ISRO center is located in Sriharikota and handles satellite launches?
- VSSC
- URSC
- SDSC-SHAR
- LPSC
Answer: SDSC-SHAR
SDSC-SHAR (Satish Dhawan Space Centre - Sriharikota) is ISRO's primary launch port in Andhra Pradesh. Handles all satellite and human spaceflight launches from Indian soil. Named after former ISRO chairman. Strategic coastal location enables safe launch trajectories over Bay of Bengal.
Which cryptographic technique ensures that a message has not been altered during transmission?
- Encryption
- Hashing
- Digital Signature
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Hashing (e.g., SHA-256) generates fixed-size digest to detect changes; any modification alters the hash. Digital Signatures combine hashing with asymmetric encryption to also verify sender identity and provide non-repudiation. Both ensure integrity; signatures add authentication and legal validity.
Which file extension is used for spreadsheet files in Microsoft Excel?
- .docx
- .xlsx
- .pptx
Answer: .xlsx
.xlsx is the default extension for Excel workbooks (XML-based format introduced in Office 2007). Older .xls format is binary. Other extensions: .docx (Word), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (portable document). File extensions help OS identify appropriate applications for opening files.
Which normal form requires that every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key?
- 1NF
- 2NF
- 3NF
- BCNF
Answer: 2NF
Second Normal Form (2NF) requires: 1) Table is in 1NF, and 2) No partial dependency (non-key attributes must depend on entire primary key, not part of composite key). Eliminates redundancy from partial dependencies. Further normalization to 3NF removes transitive dependencies.
Which NPCI initiative enables interoperable QR code payments across all UPI apps?
- Bharat QR
- UPI QR
- Both A and B
- None
Answer: Both A and B
Bharat QR and UPI QR are interoperable standards allowing merchants to display a single QR code accepted by all UPI apps and card networks. Eliminates need for multiple QR stickers. NPCI's standardization promotes cashless adoption at small merchants with low-cost acceptance infrastructure.
Which attack floods a network with ICMP echo requests to consume bandwidth?
- Smurf Attack
- Ping Flood
- SYN Flood
- All of these
Answer: All of these
ICMP-based DoS attacks include: Ping Flood (direct echo request flood), Smurf Attack (spoofed broadcast amplification), and variants. Mitigation: rate limiting ICMP, disabling broadcast responses, ingress filtering, and DDoS protection services. Network monitoring detects abnormal traffic patterns.
Which technology uses distributed sensors to monitor structural health of bridges and buildings?
- IoT
- Blockchain
- VR
- 3D Printing
Answer: IoT
IoT sensors (strain gauges, accelerometers, temperature) embedded in infrastructure monitor stress, vibrations, and environmental conditions in real-time. Data analytics predict maintenance needs and prevent failures. Critical for smart cities, disaster resilience, and extending asset lifespan with predictive maintenance.