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Which data structure is best suited for implementing a priority queue?
- Array
- Linked List
- Heap
- Stack
Answer: Heap
Heap (specifically binary heap) efficiently implements priority queue with O(log n) insertion and extraction of highest/lowest priority element. Arrays/lists require O(n) search for priority element. Heaps maintain partial order: parent node has higher/lower priority than children. Used in scheduling, Dijkstra's algorithm, and event simulation.
Instruction tuning adapts LLMs to follow user instructions by training on prompt-________ pairs.
- Response
- Query
- Input
- Output
Answer: Response
Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on instruction datasets, improving task completion and helpfulness.
The process of documenting and analyzing security incidents for improvement is called Post-Incident Review.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.
Which ISRO center in Sriharikota handles all satellite and human spaceflight launches?
- VSSC
- URSC
- SDSC-SHAR
- LPSC
Answer: SDSC-SHAR
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) in Andhra Pradesh is ISRO's primary launch port. Handles PSLV, GSLV, SSLV, and future human spaceflight launches.
Which brain-inspired feature enables neuromorphic chips to achieve ultra-low power for always-on AI?
- Spiking Neurons
- Event-Driven Processing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Spiking neurons fire only when needed; event-driven processing handles only changes. Combined enable orders-of-magnitude better energy efficiency than GPUs for edge AI.
Which quantum algorithm provides quadratic speedup for unstructured search problems?
- Shor's Algorithm
- Grover's Algorithm
- Quantum Phase Estimation
- Variational Quantum Eigensolver
Answer: Grover's Algorithm
Grover's Algorithm searches unsorted database of N items in O(√N) queries vs O(N) classically. Applications: optimization, cryptography, machine learning enhancement.
Which regulation requires Data Protection Impact Assessments for high-risk processing activities?
- GDPR
- DPDP Act 2023
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
GDPR Article 35 and DPDP Act Section 10 require DPIAs for processing likely to result in high risk to individuals' rights. Critical for privacy-by-design compliance.
Which attack manipulates the training process to embed backdoors that activate on specific triggers?
- Data Poisoning
- Backdoor Attack
- Model Stealing
- Membership Inference
Answer: Backdoor Attack
Backdoor attacks inject malicious patterns during training that cause targeted misclassification when trigger present. Critical threat requiring robust training data validation.
Which cloud security practice involves automatically scanning infrastructure code for misconfigurations before deployment?
- IaC Scanning
- Container Scanning
- Runtime Protection
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Comprehensive cloud security: IaC scanning (Terraform, CloudFormation), container image scanning, runtime protection (Falco, Tetragon). Combined for defense-in-depth.
Which Zero Trust implementation strategy involves creating dynamic, identity-based network perimeters?
- Software-Defined Perimeter
- Micro-segmentation
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) creates identity-based perimeters; micro-segmentation isolates workloads. Both implement Zero Trust by limiting access to authenticated, authorized entities only.
A/B testing compares model versions in production to measure ________ impact.
- Technical
- Business
- Security
- All of these
Answer: Business
A/B testing randomly assigns users to model variants, measuring metrics like conversion, engagement.
Which Indian initiative enables public Wi-Fi hotspots via PDOs for rural connectivity?
- BharatNet
- PM-WANI
- Digital Sky
- OneWeb India
Answer: PM-WANI
PM-WANI enables public Wi-Fi hotspots via Public Data Offices using satellite/fiber backhaul. Aims to provide affordable internet in rural/remote areas.
Which physical system is commonly used for implementing qubits in quantum computers?
- Superconducting circuits
- Trapped ions
- Photonic circuits
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Leading qubit implementations: superconducting (IBM, Google), trapped ions (IonQ), photonic (Xanadu). Each has trade-offs in coherence, scalability, error rates.
Which regulation requires data breach notification within 72 hours in the EU?
- GDPR
- ePrivacy Directive
- NIS Directive
- All of these
Answer: GDPR
GDPR Article 33 requires breach notification to supervisory authority within 72 hours of awareness. Critical for incident response compliance.
Which attack manipulates training data to cause targeted misclassifications during inference?
- Data Poisoning
- Backdoor Attack
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Data poisoning injects malicious samples; backdoor attacks embed triggers that activate misclassification. Both compromise model integrity during training.
Which Kubernetes security feature restricts pod capabilities to prevent privilege escalation?
- Security Context
- Pod Security Standards
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Security Context defines pod/container privileges; Pod Security Standards enforce baseline/restricted policies. Both critical for container security.
Which technology enables continuous authentication by analyzing user behavior patterns?
- Behavioral Biometrics
- Adaptive Authentication
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Behavioral biometrics analyzes typing, mouse movements; adaptive authentication adjusts requirements based on risk. Both enable continuous verification in Zero Trust.
Which Indian initiative aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030?
- National Solar Mission
- Panchamrit Strategy
- Green Energy Corridor
- All of these
Answer: Panchamrit Strategy
Panchamrit (five nectars) announced at COP26 includes: 500 GW non-fossil capacity, 50% energy from renewables, 1 billion tonne CO2 reduction, net-zero by 2070.
Which brain-inspired feature enables neuromorphic chips to achieve ultra-low power consumption?
- Spiking Neurons
- Event-Driven Computation
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Neuromorphic chips use spiking neurons that fire only when needed, and event-driven computation that processes only changes. Critical for edge AI with tight power budgets.
Which quantum algorithm provides exponential speedup for factoring large integers?
- Grover's Algorithm
- Shor's Algorithm
- Quantum Phase Estimation
- Variational Quantum Eigensolver
Answer: Shor's Algorithm
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, threatening RSA encryption. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available at scale.