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True or False: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have high surface areas and are used for gas storage and separation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
MOFs are porous crystalline materials with tunable pores. Applications: hydrogen/methane storage, CO₂ capture, drug delivery, catalysis. Active area of materials chemistry research. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which strategy helps coastal communities adapt to sea-level rise?
- Building seawalls
- Mangrove restoration
- Elevated housing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Adaptation combines hard (seawalls), nature-based (mangroves buffer storms), and social measures (planning, early warning). India's National Adaptation Fund supports such projects. [[MoEFCC, NDMA Reports]]
Quantum key distribution (QKD) ensures secure communication based on the principles of quantum ________.
- Entanglement
- Superposition
- Uncertainty
- All of these
Answer: All of these
QKD (e.g., BB84 protocol) uses quantum properties: any eavesdropping disturbs quantum states (uncertainty), detectable by legitimate users. Enables theoretically unbreakable encryption. India's National Quantum Mission supports R&D. [[DST Reports]]
True or False: LiDAR uses laser pulses to measure distances and create 3D maps of the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) calculates distance via time-of-flight of laser pulses. Critical for autonomous vehicles, robotics, topographic mapping, archaeology. [[ISRO, MeitY Reports]]
Which cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers?
- Multipotent stem cells
- Pluripotent stem cells
- Totipotent stem cells
- Unipotent stem cells
Answer: Pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, iPSCs) can form all embryonic lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) but not extra-embryonic tissues. Totipotent (zygote) can form entire organism. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Supercritical ________ is used as a green solvent for decaffeination and dry cleaning.
- Water
- Ethanol
- CO₂
- Methane
Answer: CO₂
Supercritical CO₂ (above 31°C, 73 atm) has gas-like diffusivity and liquid-like solvation power. Non-toxic, non-flammable, easily separable. Embodies green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Grid-scale battery storage helps manage the intermittency of solar and wind power.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Batteries (Li-ion, flow) store excess renewable energy for discharge during low generation/high demand. Critical for grid stability as renewable share increases. India targets 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030. [[MNRE Reports]]
Which imaging technique uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body?
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- PET scan
Answer: CT scan
Computed Tomography (CT) rotates X-ray source/detectors around patient; computer reconstructs slices. Superior for bone, trauma, lung imaging. Higher radiation dose than X-ray radiography. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act was enacted in the year ________.
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
Answer: 2023
DPDP Act 2023 establishes framework for processing personal data, emphasizing consent, purpose limitation, data principal rights. Aligns with global standards while addressing Indian context. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms to withstand drugs designed to kill them.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AMR arises via mutation, horizontal gene transfer. Misuse of antibiotics accelerates resistance. India's National Action Plan on AMR (2017) addresses surveillance, stewardship, R&D. Critical global health threat. [[MoHFW, WHO Reports]]
Which technique separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio?
- Chromatography
- Spectrophotometry
- Mass spectrometry
- Electrophoresis
Answer: Mass spectrometry
MS ionizes molecules, accelerates ions through magnetic/electric fields; separation by m/z enables precise molecular weight determination and structural analysis. Used in proteomics, metabolomics, forensics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The Smart Cities Mission in India focuses on developing urban areas with ________ infrastructure and digital solutions.
- Traditional
- Sustainable
- Industrial
- Rural
Answer: Sustainable
Smart Cities Mission (2015) promotes area-based development with sustainable mobility, water/energy efficiency, ICT integration, and citizen participation. 100 cities selected across India. [[MoHUA Reports]]
True or False: Topological insulators conduct electricity on their surface but are insulators in their bulk.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Topological insulators have protected surface states due to time-reversal symmetry, enabling dissipationless electron transport. Promising for spintronics and quantum computing. Nobel Prize in Physics 2016. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which biometric data is NOT used in Aadhaar authentication?
- Fingerprint
- Iris scan
- Face recognition
- Voice pattern
Answer: Voice pattern
Aadhaar uses fingerprint, iris, and face (added later) for biometric authentication. Voice recognition is not part of UIDAI's standard authentication methods. Important for digital governance awareness. [[UIDAI Guidelines]]
Oncogenes are mutated versions of normal cellular genes called ________ that promote cell growth.
- Tumor suppressors
- Proto-oncogenes
- Apoptosis genes
- DNA repair genes
Answer: Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes regulate cell division; mutations (point, amplification, translocation) convert them to oncogenes (e.g., RAS, MYC), driving uncontrolled proliferation. Key concept in carcinogenesis. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Molecular docking predicts how a small molecule binds to a target protein's active site.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Docking algorithms (AutoDock, Glide) simulate ligand-protein interactions, scoring binding affinity. Accelerates drug discovery by virtual screening of compound libraries before synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12, DBT Reports]]
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established under which international agreement?
- Kyoto Protocol
- Paris Agreement
- UNFCCC
- Montreal Protocol
Answer: UNFCCC
GCF was established at COP16 (2010) under UNFCCC to assist developing countries in climate mitigation/adaptation. Operationalized in 2015; India is an active recipient and contributor. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Nuclear fusion research in India is primarily conducted at the Institute for ________ Research in Gandhinagar.
- Plasma
- Nuclear
- Atomic
- Space
Answer: Plasma
Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, leads India's fusion program (ADITYA-U tokamak, SST-1). Aims for clean, abundant energy via replicating stellar processes. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital information onto the real-world environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AR enhances real-world view with computer-generated elements (text, 3D models) via smartphones, glasses. Applications: education, navigation, retail, industrial maintenance. Distinct from VR (fully immersive). [[MeitY Reports]]
Pharmacogenomics studies how genetic variations affect individual responses to:
- Diet
- Drugs
- Exercise
- Environment
Answer: Drugs
Pharmacogenomics tailors drug therapy based on patient's genome (e.g., CYP450 variants affecting drug metabolism). Aims to maximize efficacy, minimize adverse reactions. Emerging field in precision healthcare. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]