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Which of the following is considered a potential climate tipping element?
- Amazon rainforest dieback
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Tipping points: critical thresholds where small changes trigger large, irreversible shifts in Earth system. Monitoring these is crucial for climate risk assessment and policy. India's climate vulnerability increases with global tipping risks. [[MoES, MoEFCC Reports]]
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) reveals ________ heterogeneity within tissues that bulk sequencing masks.
- Genetic
- Transcriptional
- Epigenetic
- Proteomic
Answer: Transcriptional
scRNA-seq profiles gene expression in individual cells, identifying rare cell types, developmental trajectories, disease subpopulations. Revolutionized immunology, neuroscience, cancer research. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Electrofuels (e-fuels) are synthetic hydrocarbons produced using renewable electricity, CO₂, and water.
- True
- False
Answer: True
E-fuels: CO₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → hydrocarbons (methane, methanol, jet fuel) via electrolysis + catalysis. Drop-in replacement for fossil fuels in aviation, shipping; enables carbon recycling. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
Weyl semimetals host quasiparticles that behave like massless ________ fermions.
- Dirac
- Majorana
- Weyl
- Pauli
Answer: Weyl
Weyl fermions (predicted 1929, observed 2015) are chiral, massless excitations in topological semimetals. Exhibit exotic transport: chiral anomaly, Fermi arcs. Potential for low-power electronics, quantum computing. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
Federated learning trains AI models across decentralized devices while keeping data ________.
- Centralized
- Encrypted
- Local
- Anonymized
Answer: Local
Federated learning: model updates (not raw data) are shared from edge devices to central server. Preserves privacy, reduces bandwidth; used in healthcare (hospital data), mobile keyboards, IoT. Key for GDPR/DPDP-compliant AI. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: A just energy transition ensures that workers and communities dependent on fossil fuels are supported during the shift to clean energy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Just transition principles: retraining, social protection, inclusive planning, regional development. India's coal-dependent regions (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh) require tailored strategies for equitable decarbonization. [[NITI Aayog, MoEFCC Reports]]
DNA methylation patterns at specific CpG sites can be used to estimate:
- Genetic ancestry
- Biological age
- Disease risk
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Epigenetic clocks (e.g., Horvath clock) predict biological age from methylation profiles. Accelerated aging correlates with disease, mortality. Applications: aging research, forensic age estimation, evaluating anti-aging interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Vanadium redox flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes containing ________ ions that undergo reversible redox reactions.
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Vanadium
- Zinc
Answer: Vanadium
VRFBs use V²⁺/V³⁺ (negative) and VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ (positive) couples in separate tanks. Power (stack size) and energy (tank volume) decoupled; ideal for grid-scale storage with long cycle life. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Spintronics exploits the electron's spin degree of freedom, in addition to its charge, for information processing.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Spin-based devices (MRAM, spin transistors) offer non-volatility, lower power, higher speed vs. charge-only electronics. Applications: high-density storage, quantum computing interfaces. Emerging field in condensed matter physics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques aim to make machine learning models:
- Faster
- More accurate
- Interpretable and transparent
- Smaller in size
Answer: Interpretable and transparent
XAI addresses 'black box' problem in complex models (deep learning) by providing human-understandable explanations for decisions. Critical for high-stakes domains: healthcare diagnostics, credit scoring, judicial support. [[NITI Aayog Principles for Responsible AI]]
Restoring wetlands for flood control and carbon sequestration is an example of a ________ solution to climate change.
- Technological
- Nature-based
- Policy-based
- Financial
Answer: Nature-based
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) use ecosystems to address societal challenges: mangroves for coastal protection, forests for carbon sinks, urban green spaces for heat mitigation. Cost-effective, co-benefits for biodiversity. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
True or False: The first synthetic bacterial cell (JCVI-syn1.0) was created by assembling a chemically synthesized genome and transplanting it into a recipient cell.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Venter Institute (2010) synthesized Mycoplasma mycoides genome (~1.08 Mbp), transplanted into M. capricolum, creating first self-replicating synthetic cell. Milestone in synthetic biology with biosecurity implications. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Enzyme immobilization on solid supports enhances catalyst reusability and stability for:
- Homogeneous catalysis
- Heterogeneous biocatalysis
- Photocatalysis
- Electrocatalysis
Answer: Heterogeneous biocatalysis
Immobilized enzymes combine biocatalyst specificity with heterogeneous catalyst recoverability. Used in pharmaceutical synthesis, biofuel production, biosensors. Aligns with green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Metamaterials derive unusual properties (e.g., negative refraction) from their ________ rather than chemical composition.
- Atomic structure
- Crystal lattice
- Engineered microstructure
- Molecular bonds
Answer: Engineered microstructure
Metamaterials have sub-wavelength structures designed to manipulate EM waves in ways natural materials cannot. Applications: superlenses, cloaking, compact antennas. Active research area in photonics and acoustics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
True or False: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) uses Health ID as a unique identifier for individuals across healthcare providers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ABDM's Health ID (voluntary) enables consent-based sharing of personal health records across hospitals, labs, pharmacies. Enhances continuity of care, reduces duplication, supports telemedicine. Core of India's digital health infrastructure. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]
Extreme event attribution studies use climate models to determine:
- Future climate projections
- Human influence on specific extreme events
- Carbon budget calculations
- Sea-level rise rates
Answer: Human influence on specific extreme events
Attribution science quantifies how climate change altered likelihood/intensity of events (heatwaves, floods). Informs loss/damage discussions, adaptation planning. Indian institutions (IITM, NCMRWF) contribute to regional attribution. [[MoES Reports]]
Gene drives use CRISPR to bias inheritance, increasing the frequency of a trait in a population. They are being researched for controlling ________ vectors.
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Mosquito
- Fungal
Answer: Mosquito
Gene drives could spread malaria-resistance genes or suppress Anopheles populations. High potential but raises ecological/ethical concerns. Strict biosafety protocols under DBT guidelines govern research in India. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely studied photocatalyst for water splitting and pollutant degradation under UV light.
- True
- False
Answer: True
TiO₂ absorbs UV, generates electron-hole pairs that drive redox reactions: water → H₂ + O₂; organic pollutants → CO₂ + H₂O. Research focuses on visible-light activation via doping. Green chemistry application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The ITER project, in which India is a partner, aims to demonstrate net energy gain from nuclear fusion using which fuel cycle?
- Deuterium-Deuterium
- Deuterium-Tritium
- Proton-Boron
- Helium-3-Deuterium
Answer: Deuterium-Tritium
ITER (France) uses D-T fusion: D + T → He + n + 17.6 MeV. Requires plasma at 150 million °C confined by magnetic fields (tokamak). Success would pave way for commercial fusion power. India contributes critical components. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
6G networks are envisioned to integrate communication with ________ for immersive experiences.
- Sensing
- Computing
- AI
- All of these
Answer: All of these
6G (2030+) aims for convergence of communication, sensing, computing, and AI: holographic telepresence, tactile internet, ubiquitous intelligence. Requires breakthroughs in THz tech, materials, energy efficiency. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]