Technology – Fill in the Blank – GK Questions

Data integration combines disparate sources via ETL/ELT, virtualization, or federation. Enables unified analytics, reporting, and decision-making. Critical for enterprise data strategy.

Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing.

Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto.

OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, accountability. India endorses for domestic policy alignment.

MeitY's FOSS policy encourages government adoption of open-source for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. Critical for sustainable digital governance.

Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection. Critical for advanced persistent threat defense.

Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.

ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model ensures open, interoperable internet. India participates through government and civil society.

NM-ICPS (DST) funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Aims to build indigenous capabilities and innovation ecosystem. Critical for strategic technology questions.

Stratified sampling maintains class proportions in train/test splits, critical for imbalanced classification tasks. Prevents evaluation bias from skewed splits.

Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human preferences, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values.

WTO e-commerce negotiations and OECD digital economy work address cross-border data flows, digital taxation, consumer protection. India actively participates in shaping global digital trade rules.

Digital India encompasses UPI, Aadhaar, DigiLocker for inclusive digital services. UPI enables instant, interoperable payments driving financial inclusion. Critical for digital economy questions.

Categorical encoding: label encoding for ordinal variables, one-hot for nominal, target encoding for high-cardinality. Choice impacts model performance and interpretability.

Cloud Security Alliance Cloud Controls Matrix provides comprehensive security controls for cloud services, mapped to standards like ISO 27001, NIST. Critical for cloud security governance.

Advanced decoding: beam search explores multiple hypotheses, nucleus (top-p) sampling truncates low-probability tokens. Balance diversity and coherence in text generation.

FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) India provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure. Phase-II focuses on public transport and shared mobility.

Regularization (L1/Lasso, L2/Ridge, Dropout) adds penalty terms to loss function or randomly drops units during training. Prevents overfitting by discouraging complex models. Critical for generalization.

Red teaming conducts adversarial simulations (cyber, physical, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, and resilience. Distinct from vulnerability scanning. Critical for mature security programs.