Science – MCQ – GK Questions

Deep learning models analyze whole-slide images for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, biomarker quantification. Augments pathologist workflow, improves consistency, enables telepathology. ICMR validates AI tools for clinical use. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Platforms like CropIn, Fasal integrate remote sensing, IoT, ML to deliver hyperlocal advisories to farmers. Enhances productivity, resource efficiency, climate resilience. Part of Digital Agriculture Mission. [[MoA, MeitY Reports]]

Green NH₃: N₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → NH₃ via electrocatalysis. Avoids fossil-derived H₂, high energy intensity of Haber-Bosch. Challenges: catalyst selectivity, reaction rates. Critical for sustainable fertilizer production. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

ICAR institutes develop stress-tolerant varieties (e.g., Sahbhagi dhan for drought, CSR varieties for salinity) using conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, genomics. Critical for food security under climate change. [[ICAR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Multiple approaches: cryogenic detectors (WIMPs), haloscopes (axions), X-ray telescopes (sterile neutrinos). India participates in international collaborations (e.g., LUX-ZEPLIN). Understanding dark matter is key to cosmology. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]

Microphysiological systems mimic organ functions (lung, liver, gut) on chip-sized devices. Enable drug testing, disease modeling with human relevance, reducing animal experiments. DBT supports Indian research in this area. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Edge AI processes data locally (smartphones, cameras, sensors), avoiding cloud dependency. Enables real-time decisions (autonomous vehicles), works offline, keeps sensitive data on-device. Critical for IoT scalability. [[MeitY Reports]]

Hybrid perovskites (e.g., MAPbI₃) degrade under humidity, heat, light, electric fields. Research focuses on compositional engineering, encapsulation, inorganic perovskites for commercial viability. India's NISE supports R&D. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Climate stressors displace populations: Sundarbans (erosion), Rajasthan (drought), Assam (floods). Internal migration requires adaptive policies: livelihood support, urban planning, social protection. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]

Massive objects bend spacetime, deflecting light from background sources. Strong lensing creates arcs, rings, multiple images; used to map dark matter, study early galaxies. ISRO's AstroSat contributes to multi-wavelength lensing studies. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]

Gut microbiota influence brain function and behavior through neural, endocrine, immune pathways. Links to depression, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics/prebiotics being explored for mental health interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Machine learning enhances climate prediction: emulating complex physics, analyzing big data (satellite, sensors), optimizing renewable integration. India's National AI Strategy identifies climate action as a key sector. [[NITI Aayog, MoES Reports]]

CO₂ electrolysis using catalysts (Cu, Ag, molecular complexes) yields fuels/chemicals: CO, formate, ethylene, ethanol. Enables carbon recycling; challenges: selectivity, energy efficiency, scale-up. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12, DST Reports]]

Tipping points: critical thresholds where small changes trigger large, irreversible shifts in Earth system. Monitoring these is crucial for climate risk assessment and policy. India's climate vulnerability increases with global tipping risks. [[MoES, MoEFCC Reports]]

Weyl fermions (predicted 1929, observed 2015) are chiral, massless excitations in topological semimetals. Exhibit exotic transport: chiral anomaly, Fermi arcs. Potential for low-power electronics, quantum computing. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]

Epigenetic clocks (e.g., Horvath clock) predict biological age from methylation profiles. Accelerated aging correlates with disease, mortality. Applications: aging research, forensic age estimation, evaluating anti-aging interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

XAI addresses 'black box' problem in complex models (deep learning) by providing human-understandable explanations for decisions. Critical for high-stakes domains: healthcare diagnostics, credit scoring, judicial support. [[NITI Aayog Principles for Responsible AI]]

Immobilized enzymes combine biocatalyst specificity with heterogeneous catalyst recoverability. Used in pharmaceutical synthesis, biofuel production, biosensors. Aligns with green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Attribution science quantifies how climate change altered likelihood/intensity of events (heatwaves, floods). Informs loss/damage discussions, adaptation planning. Indian institutions (IITM, NCMRWF) contribute to regional attribution. [[MoES Reports]]

ITER (France) uses D-T fusion: D + T → He + n + 17.6 MeV. Requires plasma at 150 million °C confined by magnetic fields (tokamak). Success would pave way for commercial fusion power. India contributes critical components. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]