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Which Fundamental Right was described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution?
- Right to Equality
- Right to Freedom
- Right against Exploitation
- Right to Constitutional Remedies
Answer: Right to Constitutional Remedies
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution because it provides the mechanism for enforcement of all other Fundamental Rights. Without this right, other rights would be meaningless as there would be no remedy for their violation.
The Constituent Assembly of India took ______ years, ______ months, and ______ days to draft the Constitution.
Answer: 2, 11, 18
The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete the drafting of the Constitution. It first met on December 9, 1946, and the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day), coming into force on January 26, 1950.
During a Financial Emergency under Article 360, the President can direct reduction of salaries of all government officials including Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if satisfied that India's financial stability or credit is threatened. During such emergency, the President can issue directions for reduction of salaries of all government officials, including Supreme Court and High Court Judges. However, a Financial Emergency has never been proclaimed in India.
How many languages are currently included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution?
- 18
- 20
- 22
- 24
Answer: 22
The Eighth Schedule originally had 14 languages. Through various amendments (71st, 92nd, and 96th), four more languages were added: Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992); Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2003); making the total 22 scheduled languages. [[3]][[14]]
The President of India can be impeached for 'violation of the Constitution' under which Article?
- Article 60
- Article 61
- Article 65
- Article 72
Answer: Article 61
Article 61 lays down the procedure for impeachment of the President. Charges can be initiated in either House of Parliament, require a 14-day notice, and must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of that House. The other House then investigates the charges.
The Right to Education for children aged 6-14 years was made a Fundamental Right by the ______ Amendment Act, 2002.
Answer: 86th
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, making education a Fundamental Right for children aged 6-14 years. It also added a Fundamental Duty under Article 51A(k) for parents/guardians to provide educational opportunities to their children in this age group.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies respectively.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX to the Constitution for Panchayats (rural local self-government), and the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IXA for Municipalities (urban local self-government). Both amendments gave constitutional status, mandatory elections, reservation provisions, and financial devolution to local bodies.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution describes India as a:
- Federation of States
- Union of States
- Confederation of States
- Unitary State
Answer: Union of States
Article 1 of the Constitution states: 'India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.' The term 'Union of States' was deliberately chosen by the Drafting Committee to indicate that Indian federation is not a result of an agreement among states and that states have no right to secede from the Union.
In case of a conflict between a law made by Parliament and a law made by a State Legislature on a subject in the Concurrent List, which law prevails?
- State law always prevails
- Central law always prevails
- The law which received Presidential assent first prevails
- The matter is decided by the Supreme Court
Answer: Central law always prevails
Under Article 254, if there is a repugnancy between a Central law and a State law on a Concurrent List subject, the Central law prevails. However, if the State law has been reserved for the President's consideration and has received his assent, then the State law prevails in that State (subject to Parliament's power to override later).
Article ______ of the Indian Constitution abolishes 'Untouchability' and forbids its practice in any form.
Answer: 17
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form a punishable offence. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (formerly Untouchability Offences Act, 1955) provides penalties for enforcing disabilities arising from untouchability.
Directive Principles of State Policy are enforceable by courts.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by any court. However, they are fundamental in the governance of the country, and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws (Article 37).
Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
- Prime Minister
- Parliament
- President of India
- Lok Sabha Speaker
Answer: President of India
The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners under Article 324. However, the Election Commission functions independently. The 2023 Supreme Court judgment introduced a collegium system for appointments, but Parliament can legislate otherwise.
Which Article of the Constitution gives the right to constitutional remedies?
- Article 19
- Article 21
- Article 32
- Article 14
Answer: Article 32
Article 32 provides the right to constitutional remedies, allowing citizens to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Article the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. It empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari.
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha as per the Constitution is ______ members.
Answer: 552
Article 80 specifies that the Lok Sabha can have a maximum of 552 members: 530 from States, 20 from Union Territories, and 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members (though the Anglo-Indian nomination was removed by the 104th Amendment Act, 2019). Currently, the strength is 543 elected members.
A National Emergency under Article 352 can be proclaimed only on the written advice of the Cabinet.
- True
- False
Answer: True
After the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, the President can proclaim a National Emergency under Article 352 only after receiving a written recommendation from the Cabinet (not just the Prime Minister). This was done to prevent misuse of emergency powers as seen during 1975.
Which schedule of the Constitution contains provisions regarding the Anti-Defection Law?
- Second Schedule
- Sixth Schedule
- Tenth Schedule
- Twelfth Schedule
Answer: Tenth Schedule
The Tenth Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985, contains the Anti-Defection Law. It provides for disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures on grounds of defection from one political party to another. [[1]][[30]]
Fundamental Duties are mentioned under which Article of the Indian Constitution?
- Article 32
- Article 51A
- Article 48A
- Article 21A
Answer: Article 51A
Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, enumerates the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. Initially, there were 10 duties; the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added the 11th duty regarding education of children aged 6-14 years. [[2]][[7]]
The words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' were added to the Preamble by the ______ Amendment Act, 1976.
Answer: 42nd
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often called the 'Mini-Constitution', added three words to the Preamble: Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. This amendment was enacted during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. [[3]][[10]]
Right to Property is currently a Fundamental Right under the Indian Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right under Article 31. However, the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 removed it from Part III (Fundamental Rights) and made it a legal right under Article 300-A. It is no longer enforceable under Article 32.
Under which Article can the Parliament amend the Constitution of India?
- Article 352
- Article 360
- Article 368
- Article 356
Answer: Article 368
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution deals with the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for amendment. It provides for three types of amendments: by simple majority, by special majority, and by special majority plus ratification by states. [[1]][[30]]