GK Questions

NCERT curriculum includes climate science, impacts, mitigation/adaptation from middle school onwards. Aligns with NEP 2020's emphasis on sustainability literacy. Critical for building climate-aware citizens. [[NCERT, MoEFCC Reports]]

Deep learning models analyze whole-slide images for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, biomarker quantification. Augments pathologist workflow, improves consistency, enables telepathology. ICMR validates AI tools for clinical use. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Biopolymers: zein (corn), whey (milk), chitosan (crustacean), alginate (seaweed) form edible/biodegradable films. Reduce plastic waste; challenges: mechanical strength, moisture barrier. Research at Indian food tech institutes. [[MoFPI Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

GW170817: neutron star merger detected via LIGO/Virgo (GWs) and telescopes (gamma-rays, optical, radio). Enabled study of heavy element synthesis (kilonova), Hubble constant measurement. India's AstroSat contributed to EM follow-up. [[IUCAA, ISRO Reports]]

Platforms like CropIn, Fasal integrate remote sensing, IoT, ML to deliver hyperlocal advisories to farmers. Enhances productivity, resource efficiency, climate resilience. Part of Digital Agriculture Mission. [[MoA, MeitY Reports]]

NCDC maintains long-term records of temperature, rainfall, cyclones, sea surface temperature, etc. Essential for climate monitoring, attribution studies, adaptation planning. Open data policy supports scientific community. [[IMD, MoES Reports]]

ASOs are short synthetic nucleic acids designed to hybridize with specific RNA sequences. Approved drugs: Nusinersen (spinal muscular atrophy), Eteplirsen (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Emerging modality for undruggable targets. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Green NH₃: N₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → NH₃ via electrocatalysis. Avoids fossil-derived H₂, high energy intensity of Haber-Bosch. Challenges: catalyst selectivity, reaction rates. Critical for sustainable fertilizer production. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Quantum metrology uses entangled states, superposition, interference to surpass classical limits. Applications: mineral exploration (gravimetry), brain imaging (magnetometry), navigation (atomic clocks). India's quantum mission prioritizes sensor development. [[DST Reports]]

Data localization (e.g., RBI's payment data directive, DPDP Act provisions) seeks to protect citizen data, enable law enforcement access, foster domestic cloud infrastructure. Balances innovation, security, sovereignty. [[RBI, MeitY Reports]]

ICAR institutes develop stress-tolerant varieties (e.g., Sahbhagi dhan for drought, CSR varieties for salinity) using conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, genomics. Critical for food security under climate change. [[ICAR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Integrating multi-omics (genomics, metabolomics, microbiome) with lifestyle, clinical data enables personalized diets for disease prevention, management. ICMR's IndiGen project supports genomic research for precision health. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Enzyme-based textile processing replaces harsh chemicals, reduces water/energy use. Cellulases, laccases, peroxidases used for bleaching, dyeing, finishing. Aligns with sustainable fashion goals; Indian textile industry adopting green tech. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Multiple approaches: cryogenic detectors (WIMPs), haloscopes (axions), X-ray telescopes (sterile neutrinos). India participates in international collaborations (e.g., LUX-ZEPLIN). Understanding dark matter is key to cosmology. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]

MOSIP, developed by IIIT-Bengaluru, provides modular, privacy-by-design framework for digital ID. Adopted by Philippines, Morocco; India explores interoperability with Aadhaar for specific use cases. [[MeitY, NITI Aayog Reports]]

Indian courts have recognized right to healthy environment under Article 21. Cases challenge coal projects, air pollution, coastal regulation. Judicial activism complements policy efforts for climate justice. [[MoEFCC, Supreme Court Reports]]

Microphysiological systems mimic organ functions (lung, liver, gut) on chip-sized devices. Enable drug testing, disease modeling with human relevance, reducing animal experiments. DBT supports Indian research in this area. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Bio-inspired catalysts replicate enzyme active sites (e.g., porphyrins for heme) using synthetic scaffolds. Applications: green synthesis, environmental remediation, energy conversion. Interdisciplinary field combining chemistry, biology, materials science. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

QEC (e.g., surface codes) detects/corrects errors without measuring quantum state directly. Essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Active research area; India's National Quantum Mission includes QEC R&D. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Edge AI processes data locally (smartphones, cameras, sensors), avoiding cloud dependency. Enables real-time decisions (autonomous vehicles), works offline, keeps sensitive data on-device. Critical for IoT scalability. [[MeitY Reports]]