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Content Delivery Networks cache content at edge locations to reduce latency for global users.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CDNs (CloudFront, Cloud CDN) distribute content to edge locations near users, reducing latency and origin load. Critical for global application performance and user experience.
Which service provides managed relational databases with automatic backups and scaling?
- RDS
- Cloud SQL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed databases (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL) handle provisioning, patching, backups, scaling. Reduces operational overhead vs self-managed databases. Critical for cloud application development.
The process of documenting and analyzing security incidents for improvement is called Post-________ Review.
Answer: Incident
Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.
Which technique identifies phishing emails by analyzing sender reputation and content patterns?
- SPF/DKIM
- Machine Learning
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Email security combines: SPF/DKIM for authentication, ML for content analysis, heuristics for known patterns. Layered defense critical for phishing protection.
A/B testing compares model versions in production to measure business impact.
- True
- False
Answer: True
A/B testing randomly assigns users to model variants, measuring metrics like conversion, engagement. Critical for data-driven model iteration and business value validation.
Which practice ensures ML models are versioned alongside code and data for reproducibility?
- DVC
- MLflow
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
MLOps tools: DVC versions data and models, MLflow tracks experiments and deployments. Combined with Git for end-to-end reproducibility. Critical for enterprise ML governance.
The technique that enables LLMs to learn from feedback without explicit labels is called ________ Learning.
Answer: Reinforcement / RLHF
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human preferences, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values.
Prompt engineering optimizes LLM performance by crafting effective input instructions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Prompt engineering: clear instructions, examples, formatting, chain-of-thought. Low-cost method to improve LLM outputs without retraining. Critical for practical LLM applications.
Which technique enables LLMs to generate structured outputs like JSON from natural language?
- Function Calling
- Structured Output Parsing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Structured output: function calling defines schemas for LLM responses, parsing libraries validate/extract structured data. Critical for integrating LLMs with APIs and databases.
The international framework for cross-border data flows and digital trade is being developed by ________.
Answer: WTO / OECD
WTO e-commerce negotiations and OECD digital economy work address cross-border data flows, digital taxation, consumer protection. India actively participates in shaping global digital trade rules.
Which principle ensures technology regulations are proportionate to risks posed?
- Proportionality
- Technology Neutrality
- Risk-Based Approach
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: proportionate to actual risks, technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), risk-based (higher scrutiny for higher-risk activities). Critical for balanced policy design.
The Production Linked Incentive scheme for IT hardware aims to boost domestic manufacturing of laptops and servers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PLI for IT hardware (2021) provides incentives on incremental sales of laptops, tablets, servers manufactured in India. Aims to reduce imports, create jobs, strengthen electronics ecosystem.
Which body oversees cybersecurity policy and coordination in India?
- CERT-In
- NCIIPC
- Both A and B
- MeitY
Answer: Both A and B
CERT-In handles cyber incident response; NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) protects critical infrastructure. Both under MeitY for cybersecurity governance.
The Indian initiative for promoting digital payments and financial inclusion is called ________.
Answer: Digital India / UPI
Digital India encompasses UPI, Aadhaar, DigiLocker for inclusive digital services. UPI enables instant, interoperable payments driving financial inclusion. Critical for digital economy questions.
Which technique handles imbalanced datasets by adjusting class weights during training?
- Oversampling
- Undersampling
- Class Weighting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Imbalance handling: oversampling (SMOTE) increases minority, undersampling reduces majority, class weighting adjusts loss function. Choice depends on data size and model type.
Data leakage occurs when test data influences training, leading to overly optimistic performance estimates.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data leakage: using future data, target information, or test set in training/preprocessing. Causes overfitting and poor generalization. Critical to prevent via proper data splitting and pipeline design.
Which metric is most appropriate for evaluating regression models?
- Accuracy
- Precision
- RMSE
- F1 Score
Answer: RMSE
Regression metrics: RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) penalizes large errors, MAE for robustness, R² for variance explained. Choice depends on business impact of errors.
The technique that converts categorical variables into numerical format for ML models is called ________ Encoding.
Answer: Label / One-Hot
Categorical encoding: label encoding for ordinal variables, one-hot for nominal, target encoding for high-cardinality. Choice impacts model performance and interpretability.
Which pattern enables stateless microservices to scale independently based on load?
- Stateless Design
- Horizontal Scaling
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Stateless microservices store session data externally (Redis, database), enabling horizontal scaling by adding instances. Critical for elastic, resilient cloud applications.
Multi-region deployment improves application availability by protecting against regional outages.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Multi-region architecture distributes workload across geographic regions, enabling failover during regional disasters. Critical for business continuity and global user experience.