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The technique that groups similar data points without predefined labels is called ________.
Answer: Clustering
Clustering (K-means, hierarchical, DBSCAN) discovers natural groupings in unlabeled data. Applications: customer segmentation, anomaly detection, document organization.
Which technique enables prediction of future values based on historical time series data?
- Regression
- Classification
- Time Series Forecasting
- Clustering
Answer: Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting (ARIMA, Prophet, LSTM) models temporal patterns for demand prediction, anomaly detection, capacity planning. Critical for business planning and operations.
Data minimization requires collecting only necessary personal information for AI training.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data minimization (DPDP Act, GDPR) limits collection to what's necessary for specified purpose. Reduces privacy risks, storage costs, breach impact. Critical for responsible AI data practices.
Which chart type is most effective for comparing proportions of categories?
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Stacked Bar
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Proportion visualization: bar charts for clear comparison, pie charts for part-to-whole (limited categories), stacked bars for multiple groups. Choice depends on data and audience.
The visualization type best for showing correlation between two continuous variables is ________ Plot.
Answer: Scatter
Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.
Algorithmic bias can perpetuate societal inequalities if not actively mitigated in ML systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Bias in training data or model design can lead to discriminatory outcomes. Mitigation: diverse datasets, fairness metrics, bias audits, human oversight. Critical for ethical AI deployment.
Which principle requires AI systems to be understandable to non-technical stakeholders?
- Fairness
- Transparency
- Accountability
- Privacy
Answer: Transparency
Transparency (Explainable AI/XAI) ensures AI decisions can be interpreted by humans. Techniques: LIME, SHAP, attention visualization. Critical for trust, debugging, regulatory compliance.
The process of combining data from multiple sources into a unified view is called Data ________.
Answer: Integration / Warehousing
Data integration combines disparate sources via ETL/ELT, virtualization, or federation. Enables unified analytics, reporting, and decision-making. Critical for enterprise data strategy.
Which disaster recovery strategy maintains fully operational standby in another region?
- Backup and Restore
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Multi-Site Active-Active
Answer: Multi-Site Active-Active
Active-active runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Highest cost but maximum resilience. Critical for mission-critical systems.
The technology that enables querying data directly in object storage without loading into database is called ________ Query.
Answer: Serverless / Athena
Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing.
Which practice defines infrastructure in declarative code for version-controlled provisioning?
- Infrastructure as Code
- Configuration Management
- GitOps
- All of these
Answer: All of these
IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure state. Enables repeatability, auditability, peer review, automated testing.
Data lakes store raw, unprocessed data in native format, while data warehouses store structured, processed data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data lakes (S3, ADLS) store raw structured/unstructured data for flexible analysis; data warehouses (Snowflake, Redshift) store curated, schema-on-write data for BI. Modern: lakehouse pattern combines both.
Which service provides managed Kubernetes for container orchestration?
- EKS
- AKS
- GKE
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Managed Kubernetes: EKS (AWS), AKS (Azure), GKE (GCP) handle control plane, updates, scaling. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining container flexibility. Critical for cloud-native development.
The data format optimized for columnar storage and analytics workloads is called ________.
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto.
Serverless architectures eliminate the need for capacity planning and infrastructure management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Serverless (Lambda, Cloud Functions) auto-scales based on demand, charges per execution. Trade-offs: cold starts, vendor lock-in, execution limits. Critical for cost-optimized cloud design.
Which cloud design pattern enables automatic recovery from instance failures?
- Self-Healing
- Circuit Breaker
- Retry Logic
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Resilience patterns: self-healing replaces failed instances, circuit breaker prevents cascading failures, retry logic handles transient errors. Combined for fault-tolerant cloud applications.
The international framework for responsible AI development adopted by India is called ________ AI Principles.
Answer: OECD
OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, accountability. India endorses for domestic policy alignment.
The National Cyber Security Strategy 2020 outlines India's approach to securing cyberspace.
- True
- False
Answer: True
National Cyber Security Strategy (draft) addresses: critical infrastructure protection, cyber diplomacy, capacity building, public-private partnerships. Foundation for India's cyber defense posture.
Which body regulates data protection and privacy in India?
- Data Protection Board
- CERT-In
- TRAI
- MeitY
Answer: Data Protection Board
Data Protection Board of India (under DPDP Act 2023) adjudicates disputes, imposes penalties, enforces compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy).
The Indian initiative for promoting open-source software in government is called ________ Policy.
Answer: FOSS / Free and Open Source Software
MeitY's FOSS policy encourages government adoption of open-source for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. Critical for sustainable digital governance.