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The technique that enables LLMs to plan and execute multi-step tasks autonomously is called ________ Agents.
Answer: AI / Autonomous
AI agents combine LLMs with planning, tool use, memory for autonomous task execution. Applications: research assistants, customer service, workflow automation. Critical for next-gen AI systems.
LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) fine-tunes large models by updating small rank decomposition matrices.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LoRA adds low-rank matrices to weight updates, reducing trainable parameters by 100-1000x vs full fine-tuning. Enables efficient adaptation of LLMs on consumer hardware. Critical for resource-constrained AI.
Which technique enables LLMs to answer questions by retrieving relevant documents?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector database retrieval, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates without retraining.
The international organization that develops global internet standards is called World Wide Web ________.
Answer: Consortium / W3C
W3C develops web standards: HTML, CSS, XML, accessibility guidelines. Ensures interoperability and innovation on the web. India participates through W3C India office. Critical for web policy questions.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital identity systems globally?
- ISO/IEC 24760
- W3C DID
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
ISO/IEC 24760 provides identity management framework; W3C DID enables decentralized identifiers. Both support interoperable, privacy-preserving digital identity systems. Critical for identity policy questions.
Data localization requirements mandate storing certain data within national borders for sovereignty.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data localization (RBI payment data, DPDP Act provisions) ensures law enforcement access, reduces foreign surveillance risks. Balances sovereignty with global data flow needs. Critical for policy questions.
Which initiative promotes open-source software for public sector digital transformation?
- Digital India
- FOSS Policy
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Digital India encourages FOSS adoption for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. MeitY's FOSS policy provides guidelines for government use. Critical for sustainable digital governance.
The Indian policy framework for responsible AI development is called National Strategy for ________.
Answer: Artificial Intelligence / #AIforAll
#AIforAll strategy (NITI Aayog) focuses on leveraging AI for inclusive growth across healthcare, agriculture, education. Emphasizes research, skilling, data governance, and ethical principles.
Which technique handles class imbalance by generating synthetic minority samples?
- Undersampling
- Oversampling
- SMOTE
- Class Weighting
Answer: SMOTE
SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) creates synthetic examples by interpolating between minority class neighbors. Improves classifier performance on imbalanced data vs simple oversampling.
Explainable AI techniques help stakeholders understand model predictions for trust and compliance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
XAI methods (SHAP, LIME, attention visualization) provide interpretable explanations for AI decisions. Critical for regulated sectors (finance, healthcare) and user acceptance.
Which visualization shows relationship between two continuous variables?
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Scatter Plot
- Pie Chart
Answer: Scatter Plot
Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, and outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.
The metric that balances precision and recall for imbalanced classification is called ________ Score.
Answer: F1
F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall). Harmonic mean balancing false positives and false negatives. Critical for evaluating models on imbalanced datasets.
Which technique splits data into training, validation, and test sets to prevent overfitting?
- Cross-Validation
- Holdout Method
- Bootstrap
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Data splitting strategies: holdout (simple split), cross-validation (multiple folds), bootstrap (resampling). Critical for reliable model evaluation and generalization assessment.
Serverless computing charges based on actual execution time rather than provisioned capacity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Serverless (Lambda, Cloud Functions) uses pay-per-execution pricing, auto-scaling from zero. Trade-offs: cold starts, execution limits, vendor lock-in. Critical for cost-optimized cloud architectures.
Which architecture enables event-driven communication between microservices using message brokers?
- REST APIs
- gRPC
- Event-Driven Architecture
- Monolithic
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for asynchronous, decoupled service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Critical for modern distributed systems.
The pattern of distributing application components across availability zones for resilience is called ________ Deployment.
Answer: Multi-AZ / High-Availability
Multi-AZ deployment distributes resources across physically separate data centers within a region, protecting against zone failures. Critical for business continuity and SLA compliance.
Which service model provides managed Kubernetes for container orchestration?
- IaaS
- PaaS
- CaaS
- SaaS
Answer: CaaS
CaaS (Container as a Service) provides managed Kubernetes (EKS, AKS, GKE) for container deployment, scaling, and management. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining control. Critical for cloud-native development.
Deception technology uses honeypots to detect and study attacker behavior.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deception deploys fake assets (servers, credentials) to lure attackers, enabling early detection and threat intelligence. Critical for proactive defense against advanced adversaries.
Which technique enables automated analysis of malware behavior in isolated environments?
- Static Analysis
- Dynamic Analysis
- Sandboxing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution). Critical for threat intelligence and incident response.
The framework that categorizes adversary tactics and techniques for threat modeling is called ________.
Answer: MITRE ATT&CK
MITRE ATT&CK matrix catalogs adversary TTPs across enterprise, cloud, mobile. Enables threat-informed defense, detection engineering, and red teaming. Critical for mature security operations.