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Which detection method identifies threats by analyzing behavior patterns rather than known signatures?
- Signature-based
- Anomaly-based
- Heuristic
- All of these
Answer: Anomaly-based
Anomaly detection establishes baselines of normal behavior and flags deviations, enabling zero-day threat detection. Critical for advanced threat protection in modern SOCs.
Feature stores enable consistent feature computation across training and serving pipelines.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Feature stores (Feast, Tecton) manage feature engineering, versioning, and serving, preventing training-serving skew. Critical for reliable ML system performance in production.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for fairness and bias before deployment?
- Model Cards
- Fairness Audits
- A/B Testing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Responsible MLOps: model cards document limitations, fairness audits detect bias across groups, A/B testing validates real-world impact. Critical for ethical AI deployment.
The technique that compresses large models by removing redundant parameters while preserving performance is called Model ________.
Answer: Pruning
Model pruning removes low-importance weights/neurons, reducing size and inference cost. Combined with quantization for efficient edge deployment. Critical for scalable AI systems.
Prompt injection attacks manipulate LLMs by crafting inputs that override system instructions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Prompt injection exploits LLM instruction-following to bypass safety guards, extract training data, or execute unauthorized actions. Critical vulnerability for LLM applications requiring robust input sanitization.
Which technique enables LLMs to learn from human feedback to align with preferences?
- Supervised Fine-Tuning
- RLHF
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RLHF
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human rankings, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values and safety.
The framework for international cooperation on AI governance is called Global Partnership on ________.
Answer: Artificial Intelligence / GPAI
GPAI (founded 2020) brings together experts for responsible AI: research, policy, best practices. India is founding member. Critical for understanding global AI governance landscape.
Which principle ensures technology regulations adapt to innovation without stifling development?
- Technology Neutrality
- Proportionality
- Future-Proofing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), proportionate to risks, adaptable to innovation. Balances consumer protection with innovation incentives. Critical for policy design.
Digital diplomacy uses technology to advance foreign policy objectives and international cooperation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital diplomacy: cyber norms, data governance, tech partnerships, capacity building. India actively engages in UN, GPAI, OECD on AI ethics, cybersecurity, digital trade. Critical for foreign policy questions.
Which body develops technical standards for telecommunications in India?
- TRAI
- TSDSI
- MeitY
- CERT-In
Answer: TSDSI
Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) develops indigenous telecom standards, represents India in 3GPP, ITU. Critical for technology sovereignty and 5G/6G leadership.
The Indian initiative for developing open digital public infrastructure is called ________ Stack.
Answer: India
India Stack layers: identity (Aadhaar), payments (UPI), data sharing (AA), documents (DigiLocker). Enables innovation on public digital infrastructure. Critical for digital governance questions.
Which method handles missing data by creating multiple plausible imputations?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Deletion
- Forward Fill
Answer: Multiple Imputation
Multiple imputation creates several completed datasets with different plausible values for missing data, analyzing each and combining results. Accounts for uncertainty vs single imputation methods.
Data ethics requires considering fairness, privacy, and societal impact of analytics projects.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Responsible data science: fairness audits for bias, privacy-preserving techniques, impact assessments. Critical for ethical AI deployment and regulatory compliance (DPDP Act).
Which technique reduces dataset dimensionality while preserving variance?
- Clustering
- PCA
- Regression
- Classification
Answer: PCA
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transforms features into orthogonal components ordered by variance explained. Enables visualization, noise reduction, and faster model training.
The metric that measures the proportion of positive predictions that are actually correct is called ________.
Answer: Precision
Precision = TP / (TP + FP). Critical for imbalanced classification tasks where false positives are costly (fraud detection, medical diagnosis). Complements recall for comprehensive evaluation.
Which visualization type is best for showing distribution of a continuous variable?
- Bar Chart
- Histogram
- Pie Chart
- Scatter Plot
Answer: Histogram
Histograms bin continuous data to show frequency distribution, revealing skewness, outliers, and modality. Critical for exploratory data analysis and statistical understanding.
Infrastructure as Code enables version-controlled, repeatable cloud resource provisioning.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IaC (Terraform, CloudFormation) defines infrastructure in declarative code, enabling version control, peer review, automated testing, and consistent deployments. Critical for cloud governance.
Which migration strategy involves re-architecting applications for cloud-native patterns?
- Rehost
- Replatform
- Refactor
- Repurchase
Answer: Refactor
Refactor (re-architect) redesigns applications for cloud-native: microservices, serverless, containers. Maximizes cloud benefits but requires significant effort. Critical for digital transformation.
The approach of keeping sensitive data on-premises while using cloud for compute is called ________ Cloud.
Answer: Hybrid
Hybrid cloud combines on-premises infrastructure with public cloud services. Enables data sovereignty compliance while leveraging cloud scalability. Critical for regulated industries.
Which pattern enables applications to run across multiple cloud providers for resilience?
- Multi-Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Cloud Bursting
- All of these
Answer: Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud architecture distributes workloads across AWS, Azure, GCP to avoid vendor lock-in, improve resilience, and leverage best-of-breed services. Critical for enterprise cloud strategy.