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API Gateway pattern provides a single entry point for client requests to microservices, handling routing, auth, and rate limiting.
- True
- False
Answer: True
API Gateway abstracts microservices complexity: request routing, authentication, rate limiting, caching, monitoring. Critical for secure, manageable microservices architectures.
Which database optimization technique stores frequently accessed data in faster memory?
- Indexing
- Caching
- Partitioning
- Replication
Answer: Caching
Caching (Redis, Memcached) stores hot data in RAM for sub-millisecond access, reducing database load. Critical for high-traffic applications. Trade-offs: cache invalidation, consistency.
Which fund provides risk capital to startups through SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds?
- Fund of Funds for Startups
- Startup India Seed Fund
- NIDHI
- All of these
Answer: Fund of Funds for Startups
FFS (₹10,000 crore) managed by SIDBI invests in AIFs that fund startups. Focuses on innovation, job creation, strategic sectors. Part of Startup India ecosystem support.
The Digital India initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital India (launched 2015) has three pillars: digital infrastructure as utility, governance & services on demand, digital empowerment of citizens. Encompasses Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, BharatNet, etc.
Which technique removes personally identifiable information from datasets while preserving analytical utility?
- Encryption
- Anonymization
- Tokenization
- Masking
Answer: Anonymization
Anonymization irreversibly removes/alters PII to prevent re-identification. Techniques: k-anonymity, l-diversity, differential privacy. Critical for privacy-preserving analytics and GDPR/DPDP compliance.
The practice of encrypting data at rest, in transit, and in use is called ________ Encryption.
Answer: End-to-End / Comprehensive
End-to-end encryption protects data throughout lifecycle: at rest (storage), in transit (network), in use (processing via confidential computing). Critical for data protection and compliance questions.
Which framework provides guidelines for securing industrial control systems and critical infrastructure?
- NIST CSF
- IEC 62443
- ISO 27001
- COBIT
Answer: IEC 62443
IEC 62443 provides cybersecurity standards for industrial automation and control systems (IACS). Addresses OT-specific threats: safety, availability, integrity. Critical for critical infrastructure protection questions.
The Chip Act in USA and similar policies in EU/India aim to reshore semiconductor manufacturing for supply chain resilience.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Geopolitical tensions and pandemic disruptions drove policies: US CHIPS Act, EU Chips Act, India Semiconductor Mission. Aim to reduce concentration risk and ensure strategic autonomy. Critical for tech geopolitics questions.
Which role focuses on automating infrastructure deployment and management using code?
- DevOps Engineer
- Data Scientist
- UX Designer
- Product Manager
Answer: DevOps Engineer
DevOps Engineers use IaC (Terraform, Ansible), CI/CD, and monitoring to automate infrastructure. Critical for cloud operations and agile delivery. High demand in Indian tech sector.
The pattern that separates read and write operations for scalability is called Command Query ________.
Answer: Responsibility Segregation / CQRS
CQRS separates read (query) and write (command) models, enabling independent scaling, optimization, and consistency models. Often combined with Event Sourcing. Critical for high-performance systems design.
Which database feature ensures that transactions are processed reliably even during system failures?
- ACID Properties
- Eventual Consistency
- Sharding
- Caching
Answer: ACID Properties
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) guarantees reliable transaction processing. Critical for banking, inventory, and other mission-critical applications. NoSQL may relax ACID for scalability.
Intent-Based Networking uses AI to translate business policies into network configurations automatically.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IBN uses AI/ML to interpret business intent (e.g., 'prioritize VoIP'), auto-configure network, and continuously verify compliance. Reduces manual errors and operational complexity. Critical for autonomous networks questions.
Which initiative connects startups with corporate innovation challenges and pilot opportunities?
- Startup India
- Corporate Innovation Programs
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Startup India facilitates corporate-startup partnerships; many corporates run innovation challenges for pilots. Critical for startup growth and enterprise innovation questions.
The platform that enables online filing of RTI applications and tracking responses is called ________ Portal.
Answer: RTI Online
RTI Online Portal (rtionline.gov.in) enables citizens to file Right to Information applications digitally, pay fees online, and track status. Enhances transparency and accountability in governance.
Which technique replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive equivalents while preserving format?
- Encryption
- Tokenization
- Masking
- Anonymization
Answer: Tokenization
Tokenization replaces sensitive values (credit cards) with format-preserving tokens, reversible via secure vault. Used in payments, healthcare. Critical for PCI-DSS compliance and data protection questions.
Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASB) enforce security policies for SaaS applications.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CASBs sit between users and cloud services to enforce: access control, data loss prevention, threat protection, and compliance. Critical for securing SaaS adoption in enterprises.
Which standard provides guidelines for incident response and management?
- ISO 27035
- NIST SP 800-61
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
ISO 27035 and NIST SP 800-61 provide frameworks for incident handling: preparation, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, lessons learned. Critical for security operations questions.
The concept of technological sovereignty emphasizes reducing dependence on foreign technology through domestic innovation and ________.
Answer: Indigenization / Self-Reliance
Technological sovereignty (Atmanirbhar Bharat) promotes domestic R&D, manufacturing, and standards to reduce strategic dependencies. Critical for understanding India's tech policy and security questions.
Which certification validates expertise in cloud security architecture?
- CCSP
- CISSP
- CISM
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CCSP (Certified Cloud Security Professional) focuses on cloud; CISSP covers broad security; CISM emphasizes management. All valued for security leadership roles. Critical for cybersecurity career questions.
Event sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling audit trails and time-travel queries.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Event Sourcing records all state changes as events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Supports audit, debugging, and CQRS patterns. Critical for compliant, auditable systems design.