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Which standard verifies that carbon offset projects deliver additional emission reductions?
- Additionality Assessment
- Baseline Methodology
- Third-party Verification
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Carbon credit integrity requires: additionality proof (beyond business-as-usual), robust baseline setting, independent verification. Standards: Verra, Gold Standard ensure methodological rigor for credible offsets.
The technology that uses AI to optimize renewable energy forecasting and grid integration is called ________ Forecasting.
Answer: AI-based / Machine Learning
AI forecasting improves solar/wind power prediction using weather data, historical patterns, real-time sensors. Enables better grid balancing, reduced curtailment, and higher renewable penetration.
Which practice extends hardware lifespan to reduce electronic waste?
- Modular Design
- Repairability Standards
- Software Optimization
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Sustainable hardware: modular design enables component upgrades; repairability standards ensure spare parts availability; software optimization reduces need for hardware replacement. Critical for circular economy.
Carbon border adjustments aim to prevent carbon leakage by taxing imports from countries with weaker climate policies.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CBAM (EU) and similar mechanisms level playing field by imposing carbon costs on imports. Encourages global climate action while protecting domestic industries. India monitoring developments for trade policy.
Which technology enables real-time monitoring of methane emissions from oil/gas infrastructure?
- Satellite Remote Sensing
- Drone-based Sensors
- Ground-based Detectors
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Methane monitoring combines: satellite (GHGSat, Sentinel), drones for targeted surveys, ground sensors for continuous monitoring. Critical for leak detection, regulatory compliance, and climate mitigation.
The process of extracting oxygen from lunar regolith for life support is called ________ Extraction.
Answer: Oxygen / ISRU
Lunar regolith contains ~40% oxygen by weight. Extraction methods: molten regolith electrolysis, hydrogen reduction. Enables sustainable lunar bases by producing breathable air and rocket oxidizer.
Which technology mitigates signal degradation due to atmospheric conditions in satellite links?
- Adaptive Coding and Modulation
- Diversity Reception
- Power Control
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Satellite link adaptation: ACM adjusts modulation/coding based on channel quality; diversity uses multiple paths; power control compensates fading. Critical for reliable broadband service in variable weather.
Electric propulsion systems provide higher specific impulse than chemical rockets for satellite station-keeping.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Electric propulsion (ion, Hall thrusters) offers 5-10x higher specific impulse than chemical rockets, enabling longer satellite life with less propellant. Critical for GEO satellite operations and deep space missions.
Which CBDC design choice impacts monetary policy transmission?
- Remuneration Rate
- Holding Limits
- Interoperability
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC design affects monetary policy: remuneration influences deposit rates, holding limits prevent bank disintermediation, interoperability affects payment system dynamics. Critical for central bank digital currency planning.
The Indian authority responsible for registering Virtual Asset Service Providers under PMLA is ________.
Answer: FIU-IND
Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) registers and supervises VASPs for AML/CFT compliance. Requires KYC, transaction monitoring, suspicious activity reporting. Critical for crypto regulatory framework.
Which privacy technique enables selective disclosure of transaction details in CBDC?
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Ring Signatures
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving CBDC: ZK-proofs verify without revealing data; ring signatures obscure sender; confidential transactions hide amounts. Balance user privacy with regulatory auditability requirements.
India's crypto tax framework allows deduction of acquisition cost when computing taxable income.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Section 115BBH taxes crypto income at 30% on gross transfer value, no deduction for acquisition cost except cost of acquisition. No loss offset allowed. Critical for accurate crypto tax compliance.
Which CBDC benefit enables faster cross-border payments compared to correspondent banking?
- Direct Central Bank Settlement
- 24/7 Operation
- Reduced Intermediaries
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CBDC cross-border: direct central bank-to-central bank settlement, operates 24/7, reduces correspondent layers. Critical for trade finance efficiency, remittance cost reduction, and financial inclusion.
The distributed ledger technology used in India's CBDC pilot is based on ________ Ledger.
Answer: Permissioned Blockchain / Distributed
e₹ uses permissioned distributed ledger with RBI and partner banks as nodes. Balances decentralization benefits with regulatory control, privacy, and performance requirements. Critical for CBDC architecture understanding.
CBDC can enable programmable welfare payments with usage restrictions to prevent misuse.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Programmable CBDC allows conditional transfers: subsidies usable only for food, education, healthcare. Enhances policy effectiveness while requiring careful design to balance control with user autonomy.
Which Indian provision imposes 1% TDS on cryptocurrency transactions?
- Section 194S
- Section 115BBH
- Section 43A
- Section 66
Answer: Section 194S
Section 194S (Income Tax Act) imposes 1% TDS on transfer of virtual digital assets above threshold. Aims to track transactions and ensure tax compliance. Critical for crypto tax reporting obligations.
The CBDC pilot involving major Indian banks for retail transactions is called ________ Pilot.
Answer: e₹ / Digital Rupee
e₹ retail pilot (2022-) involves SBI, ICICI, HDFC, etc., testing P2P/P2M transactions via QR, mobile wallets. Evaluates usability, scalability, integration before nationwide rollout. Critical for digital payment evolution.
Which CBDC feature enables offline transactions for areas with poor connectivity?
- Secure Element Hardware
- Delayed Synchronization
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE/TEE) for local transaction storage, synchronizing when online. Critical for financial inclusion in rural/remote areas and disaster resilience. Requires robust security design.
Algorithmic efficiency improvements can reduce computing energy consumption without hardware changes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Optimized algorithms reduce computational complexity, lowering CPU/GPU usage and energy. Examples: efficient ML models, database query optimization, caching strategies. Critical for sustainable software engineering.
The technology that enhances natural carbon sinks through reforestation is called ________ Sequestration.
Answer: Nature-based / Biological
Nature-based solutions: afforestation, soil carbon management, wetland restoration. Provide co-benefits: biodiversity, water regulation, livelihoods. Critical for cost-effective climate mitigation and adaptation.