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Which AI technique is used for generating realistic images from text descriptions?
- GANs
- Diffusion Models
- Both A and B
- Decision Trees
Answer: Both A and B
Both GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) and Diffusion Models (DALL-E, Stable Diffusion) generate images from text. GANs use generator-discriminator competition; diffusion models iteratively denoise random noise. Critical for understanding generative AI applications in creative industries and exams.
Which technology enables high-speed data transmission from satellites to ground stations?
- L-band
- Ka-band
- VHF
- UHF
Answer: Ka-band
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband, earth observation data downlink, and inter-satellite links. Challenges: rain attenuation, requiring adaptive coding. Critical for satellite communication and space infrastructure questions.
Which application uses piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting?
- Solar Panels
- Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
- Wind Turbines
- Thermoelectric Generators
Answer: Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
Piezoelectrics generate voltage when mechanically stressed, enabling energy harvesting from vibrations (machinery, footsteps, vehicles). Powers wireless sensors, wearables. India researches at IITs and DRDO. Critical for IoT and sustainable energy questions.
Which attack exploits race conditions in software to gain unauthorized privileges?
- Buffer Overflow
- Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
- SQL Injection
- Cross-Site Scripting
Answer: Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
TOCTOU attacks exploit window between permission check and resource use, allowing privilege escalation or data corruption. Mitigation: atomic operations, locking, and careful design. Critical for secure coding and system security questions.
Which metric compares the cost of storing one kilowatt-hour of energy over system lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Levelized Cost of Storage
- Round-Trip Efficiency
- Power Rating
Answer: Levelized Cost of Storage
LCOS = (Total Lifetime Cost) / (Total Energy Delivered). Enables apples-to-apples comparison of storage technologies considering CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency, cycle life, and degradation. Critical for energy planning and investment decisions in policy exams.
Which semiconductor material is preferred for high-power, high-temperature applications?
- Silicon
- Gallium Arsenide
- Silicon Carbide
- Germanium
Answer: Silicon Carbide
SiC offers: wide bandgap (high breakdown voltage), high thermal conductivity, and high-temperature operation vs silicon. Used in EV inverters, renewable inverters, industrial drives. India's semiconductor mission includes SiC/GaN compound semiconductors.
Which application uses satellite data for monitoring crop health and yield prediction?
- Weather Forecasting
- Precision Agriculture
- Disaster Management
- Urban Planning
Answer: Precision Agriculture
Satellite remote sensing (multispectral, SAR) monitors vegetation indices, soil moisture, and crop stress for yield prediction, input optimization, and insurance assessment. Integrated with AI/ML for actionable insights. Critical for AgriTech and food security questions.
Which property enables carbon nanotubes to reinforce composite materials?
- High Aspect Ratio
- Electrical Conductivity
- Thermal Conductivity
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CNTs offer: high aspect ratio (strength transfer), electrical/thermal conductivity, and chemical stability. Used in aerospace composites, electronics, energy storage. India researches CNT applications at IITs and DRDO. Critical for advanced materials and manufacturing questions.
Which technique involves testing software by providing invalid/unexpected inputs to find crashes?
- Static Analysis
- Fuzz Testing
- Penetration Testing
- Code Review
Answer: Fuzz Testing
Fuzzing automates input of random/malformed data to discover crashes, memory leaks, and vulnerabilities. Effective for finding zero-days in parsers, protocols, and APIs. Tools: AFL, libFuzzer. Critical for secure software development lifecycle questions.
Which factor most significantly impacts lithium-ion battery degradation?
- Charging Speed
- Temperature
- Depth of Discharge
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Battery degradation accelerates with: high temperature (accelerates side reactions), fast charging (lithium plating), deep discharge (electrode stress). Battery management systems optimize these factors. Critical for EV longevity and storage economics questions.
Which packaging technology enables 3D stacking of chips for higher performance?
- Wire Bonding
- Flip-Chip
- Through-Silicon Via
- Plastic Encapsulation
Answer: Through-Silicon Via
TSV (Through-Silicon Via) creates vertical electrical connections through silicon dies, enabling 3D chip stacking for higher bandwidth, lower power, and smaller footprint. Critical for advanced packaging in HPC, mobile, and AI chips. India focuses on ATMP capabilities.
Which Indian initiative promotes commercialization of space technologies through startups?
- IN-SPACe
- NSIL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
IN-SPACe authorizes/facilitates private space activities; NSIL (NewSpace India Limited) commercializes ISRO technologies via industry partnerships. Together they enable India's space economy growth. Critical for understanding space sector reforms and entrepreneurship questions.
Which nanomaterial is used in sunscreen for UV protection without white residue?
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
- Gold Nanoparticles
- Quantum Dots
Answer: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Nano-ZnO/TiO2 provide broad-spectrum UV protection while being transparent on skin vs micron-sized particles that leave white cast. Safety: coated nanoparticles minimize skin penetration. India regulates nanomaterials in cosmetics. Critical for nanotech applications and consumer safety questions.
Which attack exploits trust in SSL/TLS certificates to intercept encrypted communications?
- Man-in-the-Middle
- SSL Stripping
- Certificate Pinning Bypass
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MITM attacks intercept communications; SSL stripping downgrades HTTPS to HTTP; certificate pinning bypass tricks apps into accepting fake certs. Defenses: HSTS, certificate transparency, pinning. Critical for understanding web security threats in banking/UPSC exams.
Which battery chemistry is dominant in electric vehicles due to high energy density?
- Lead-Acid
- LFP
- NMC
- Sodium-Ion
Answer: NMC
NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) offers high energy density for EV range, balanced with cost and safety. LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is safer, cheaper, longer-life but lower energy density. India's ACC PLI supports both. Critical for EV technology questions.
Which material is commonly used as substrate for silicon semiconductor manufacturing?
- Sapphire
- Silicon Wafer
- Glass
- Plastic
Answer: Silicon Wafer
Silicon wafers (single-crystal, polished discs) are foundational substrate for IC fabrication due to: abundance, mature processing, and suitable electronic properties. Compound semiconductors (GaAs, SiC) used for specialized applications. Critical for understanding chip manufacturing basics.
Which satellite constellation provides global broadband internet coverage?
- NavIC
- OneWeb
- GSAT
- CARTOSAT
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (partly Indian-owned via Bharti Group) operates LEO satellite constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions. NavIC is navigation; GSAT is communication; CARTOSAT is earth observation.
Which property makes aerogels suitable for thermal insulation in space applications?
- High Density
- Low Thermal Conductivity
- Electrical Conductivity
- Magnetic Properties
Answer: Low Thermal Conductivity
Aerogels are ultra-light porous materials (~99% air) with extremely low thermal conductivity, making them excellent insulators. Used in Mars rovers, spacecraft, and building insulation. India researches aerogels at ISRO and IITs. Critical for materials science and space tech questions.
Which tool is commonly used for network scanning and vulnerability assessment?
- Wireshark
- Nmap
- Metasploit
- John the Ripper
Answer: Nmap
Nmap (Network Mapper) scans networks for hosts, ports, services, and OS detection. Foundation for vulnerability assessment. Wireshark is packet analyzer; Metasploit is exploitation framework; John the Ripper is password cracker. Critical for cybersecurity tools knowledge in exams.
Which metric measures the total energy a battery can deliver over its lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Power Density
- Cycle Life
- Lifetime Energy Throughput
Answer: Lifetime Energy Throughput
Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.