GK Questions

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polity hard mcq

In M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006), the Supreme Court upheld reservation in promotions for SCs/STs but imposed three conditions. Which of the following was NOT one of these conditions?

  1. Collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of class
  2. Prove inadequacy of representation in particular post
  3. Maintain overall administrative efficiency
  4. Exclude creamy layer from reservation benefits
polity hard true_false

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 operationalizes the right to privacy recognized in Puttaswamy case by imposing obligations on data fiduciaries to process personal data only for lawful purposes with consent, and establishing a Data Protection Board for enforcement.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) added 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among forward castes under Articles 15(6) and 16(6). In Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India (2022), the Supreme Court upheld this amendment, holding that:

  1. EWS classification based on economic criteria violates basic structure
  2. EWS classification based on economic criteria is valid, 50% ceiling not inflexible, and exclusion of SC/ST/OBC from EWS quota permissible
  3. Reservation based solely on economic criteria is unconstitutional
  4. 50% ceiling on total reservation is absolute and cannot be exceeded
polity hard true_false

Freedom of assembly under Article 19(1)(b) is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(3) for public order, and courts apply proportionality test to balance protest rights with security concerns, requiring restrictions to be least intrusive and time-bound.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In environmental cases, the Supreme Court has linked right to health under Article 21 with right to clean environment, applying which principle to hold industries strictly liable for pollution damage regardless of negligence?

  1. Strict liability
  2. Absolute liability
  3. Vicarious liability
  4. Contributory negligence
polity hard fill_blank

Indian courts increasingly recognize intersectional vulnerabilities (e.g., Dalit women, disabled LGBTQ+ persons) and interpret Article 14 to address compounded discrimination by combining special provisions under Articles 15(3) for women/children and 15(4) for ______.

  1. religious minorities
  2. SC/ST/OBC
  3. economic weaker sections
  4. senior citizens
polity hard true_false

Post-Puttaswamy, Indian courts have required that surveillance activities (phone tapping, internet monitoring) comply with procedural safeguards including judicial oversight, proportionality assessment, and transparency to protect right to privacy under Article 21.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), the Supreme Court balanced right to livelihood (Article 21) with urban planning needs by holding that eviction of pavement dwellers requires:

  1. Complete prohibition of eviction under any circumstances
  2. Due procedure, alternative arrangement, and rehabilitation to minimize hardship
  3. Immediate eviction without notice for public health reasons
  4. Compensation only, no requirement for alternative shelter
polity hard fill_blank

The 'creamy layer' concept in reservation jurisprudence, introduced in Indra Sawhney case (1992), excludes advanced sections within OBCs from reservation benefits to ensure affirmative action reaches the ______ within reserved categories.

  1. most privileged
  2. neediest
  3. urban
  4. educated
polity hard true_false

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Supreme Court monitored government response to ensure right to health under Article 21, directing measures on oxygen supply, vaccine distribution, and migrant welfare while respecting executive domain on policy choices.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In S.G. Vombatkere v. Union of India (May 2022), the Supreme Court put on hold Section 124A IPC (sedition) and directed government review. The new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (effective July 2024) replaced sedition with a narrower provision requiring:

  1. Only criticism of government to be punishable
  2. Acts endangering sovereignty, unity, integrity of India with intent/tendency to incite violence or public disorder
  3. All dissent against government policies to be criminalized
  4. Complete abolition of any law against anti-national speech
polity hard true_false

In Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court held that right to dignity under Article 21 requires respect for sexual orientation, and discrimination based on sexual orientation violates Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

The reasonable classification test under Article 14 requires intelligible differentia and rational nexus with object sought. Which case applied this test to uphold OBC reservation while introducing the 'creamy layer' exclusion to ensure benefits reach neediest?

  1. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
  2. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)
  3. Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)
  4. SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
polity hard fill_blank

In Puttaswamy case (2017), the Supreme Court recognized three dimensions of privacy under Article 21: spatial (control over physical space), decisional (autonomy over personal choices), and ______ (control over personal data).

  1. economic
  2. informational
  3. political
  4. cultural
polity hard mcq

In Common Cause v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court recognized passive euthanasia and living wills (advance medical directives) as part of right to die with dignity under Article 21. Which safeguard was NOT included in the guidelines?

  1. Medical board certification of terminal illness/persistent vegetative state
  2. Judicial oversight for implementation of living will
  3. Mandatory family consent regardless of patient's prior directive
  4. Periodic review by hospital ethics committee
polity hard fill_blank

In Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and expression over the internet is protected under Article 19(1)(a), and restrictions must satisfy the ______ test, requiring publication of orders, judicial review, and proportionality assessment.

  1. Wednesbury
  2. proportionality
  3. rational basis
  4. strict scrutiny
polity hard true_false

In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court struck down instant triple talaq as violating Article 14 (right to equality), holding that constitutional values of gender equality override discriminatory religious customs.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard mcq

In State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (January 2024), the Supreme Court upheld the power of States to create sub-classifications within Scheduled Castes reservation. This judgment overruled which earlier precedent and on what basis?

  1. Overruled Indra Sawhney (1992) for lacking quantifiable data
  2. Overruled E.V. Chinnaiah (2004) for preventing States from addressing intra-group inequalities
  3. Overruled M. Nagaraj (2006) for imposing excessive conditions on reservation in promotions
  4. Overruled Jarnail Singh (2018) for excluding creamy layer in SC promotions
polity hard fill_blank

In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court recognized right to privacy as intrinsic to Article 21 and applied the ______ test to balance privacy rights with state interests in welfare delivery and national security.

  1. Wednesbury
  2. proportionality
  3. rational basis
  4. strict scrutiny
polity hard mcq

In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979), the Supreme Court recognized right to speedy trial as part of Article 21. Which reform was NOT a direct outcome of this and subsequent judgments?

  1. Release of thousands of undertrial prisoners detained longer than maximum sentence
  2. Expansion of legal aid through Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
  3. Mandatory life imprisonment for all undertrials
  4. Prison reforms including humane treatment, rehabilitation programs