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Which fund under UNFCCC specifically supports developing countries in meeting the costs of climate change adaptation?
- Green Climate Fund
- Adaptation Fund
- Least Developed Countries Fund
- Special Climate Change Fund
Answer: Adaptation Fund
Adaptation Fund (established under Kyoto Protocol) finances concrete adaptation projects in vulnerable developing countries. Funded by 2% share of CDM proceeds and donations. India has accessed funds for community-based adaptation. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
High-temperature superconductors typically belong to which material class?
- Cuprates
- Iron-based pnictides
- Nickelates
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Cuprates (e.g., YBCO, Tc~90K), iron pnictides (e.g., SmFeAsO, Tc~55K), nickelates (recent discovery) exhibit superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperature. Mechanism remains unsolved; key for lossless power transmission. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
AI-driven drug repurposing identifies new uses for existing drugs by analyzing:
- Molecular similarity
- Gene expression signatures
- Clinical trial data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Machine learning integrates chemical, genomic, clinical data to predict drug-disease associations. Accelerates therapy discovery (e.g., baricitinib for COVID-19). CSIR-OSDD pioneered open-source repurposing platforms. [[CSIR, ICMR Reports]]
True or False: Space solar power concepts involve collecting solar energy in orbit and beaming it to Earth via microwaves or lasers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SBSP offers 24/7 baseload renewable power, independent of weather. Challenges: launch costs, in-space assembly, wireless power transmission efficiency. ISRO studies feasibility; global interest growing. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Neoantigen-based cancer vaccines are designed using tumor-specific mutations identified from a patient's genome.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Neoantigens arise from somatic mutations in tumors; personalized vaccines prime T cells to target them. mRNA platform enables rapid design. Clinical trials show promise in melanoma, glioblastoma. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Bioleaching uses ________ to extract metals from low-grade ores and electronic waste.
- Acidophilic bacteria
- Fungi
- Algae
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus) oxidize sulfide minerals, solubilizing Cu, Au, rare earths. Eco-friendly alternative to smelting; applied in e-waste recycling. CSIR-IMMT leads Indian research in biohydrometallurgy. [[CSIR Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Exascale computing systems perform at least ________ floating-point operations per second.
- 10¹⁵
- 10¹⁸
- 10²¹
- 10²⁴
Answer: 10¹⁸
Exascale = 10¹⁸ FLOPS; enables complex simulations: climate modeling, drug discovery, fusion research. India's National Supercomputing Mission aims for exascale capability by 2028. [[MeitY, DST Reports]]
Deep learning models like DeepVariant improve the accuracy of ________ calling from next-generation sequencing data.
- Gene
- Variant
- Expression
- Methylation
Answer: Variant
DeepVariant uses CNNs to interpret sequencing reads, reducing false positives/negatives in SNP/indel detection. Critical for clinical genomics, population studies. IndiGen project leverages such tools for Indian genome diversity. [[ICMR, DBT Reports]]
High-energy astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube originate from:
- Blazars
- Supernova remnants
- Gamma-ray bursts
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Neutrinos travel unimpeded from cosmic accelerators, pointing to sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. IceCube's detection of TXS 0506+056 blazar (2018) marked birth of neutrino astronomy. INO will contribute to multi-messenger studies. [[IUCAA Reports]]
AI algorithms in digital pathology assist in:
- Tumor detection and grading
- Cell counting and classification
- Predicting treatment response
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Deep learning models analyze whole-slide images for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, biomarker quantification. Augments pathologist workflow, improves consistency, enables telepathology. ICMR validates AI tools for clinical use. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Multi-messenger astronomy combines gravitational waves with electromagnetic observations to study cosmic events.
- True
- False
Answer: True
GW170817: neutron star merger detected via LIGO/Virgo (GWs) and telescopes (gamma-rays, optical, radio). Enabled study of heavy element synthesis (kilonova), Hubble constant measurement. India's AstroSat contributed to EM follow-up. [[IUCAA, ISRO Reports]]
True or False: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can modulate gene expression by binding to target RNA and triggering degradation or splicing modification.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ASOs are short synthetic nucleic acids designed to hybridize with specific RNA sequences. Approved drugs: Nusinersen (spinal muscular atrophy), Eteplirsen (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Emerging modality for undruggable targets. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Electrochemical ammonia synthesis aims to replace the Haber-Bosch process by using:
- Renewable electricity
- Ambient temperature/pressure
- Water as hydrogen source
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Green NH₃: N₂ + H₂O + renewable electricity → NH₃ via electrocatalysis. Avoids fossil-derived H₂, high energy intensity of Haber-Bosch. Challenges: catalyst selectivity, reaction rates. Critical for sustainable fertilizer production. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Quantum sensors exploit quantum ________ to achieve unprecedented precision in measuring gravity, magnetic fields, and time.
- Entanglement
- Superposition
- Interference
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Quantum metrology uses entangled states, superposition, interference to surpass classical limits. Applications: mineral exploration (gravimetry), brain imaging (magnetometry), navigation (atomic clocks). India's quantum mission prioritizes sensor development. [[DST Reports]]
Precision nutrition tailors dietary recommendations based on an individual's genomics, microbiome, and ________ data.
- Metabolomics
- Proteomics
- Lifestyle
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Integrating multi-omics (genomics, metabolomics, microbiome) with lifestyle, clinical data enables personalized diets for disease prevention, management. ICMR's IndiGen project supports genomic research for precision health. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Direct detection experiments for dark matter search for:
- Nuclear recoils from WIMP interactions
- Axion-photon conversion
- Sterile neutrino decay
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Multiple approaches: cryogenic detectors (WIMPs), haloscopes (axions), X-ray telescopes (sterile neutrinos). India participates in international collaborations (e.g., LUX-ZEPLIN). Understanding dark matter is key to cosmology. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]
Organ-on-a-chip devices replicate human physiology using:
- Microfluidic channels
- Living human cells
- Mechanical stimuli
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Microphysiological systems mimic organ functions (lung, liver, gut) on chip-sized devices. Enable drug testing, disease modeling with human relevance, reducing animal experiments. DBT supports Indian research in this area. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Artificial enzymes mimic natural catalysis using ________ to achieve high selectivity and activity.
- Synthetic polymers
- Metal complexes
- Nanostructures
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Bio-inspired catalysts replicate enzyme active sites (e.g., porphyrins for heme) using synthetic scaffolds. Applications: green synthesis, environmental remediation, energy conversion. Interdisciplinary field combining chemistry, biology, materials science. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Quantum error correction encodes logical qubits into multiple physical qubits to protect against decoherence.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QEC (e.g., surface codes) detects/corrects errors without measuring quantum state directly. Essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Active research area; India's National Quantum Mission includes QEC R&D. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Senolytics are drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells to delay age-related diseases.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Senescent cells accumulate with age, secreting inflammatory factors (SASP). Senolytics (e.g., dasatinib + quercetin) clear them, improving healthspan in preclinical models. Clinical trials ongoing for osteoarthritis, fibrosis. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]