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Metamaterials derive unusual properties (e.g., negative refraction) from their ________ rather than chemical composition.
- Atomic structure
- Crystal lattice
- Engineered microstructure
- Molecular bonds
Answer: Engineered microstructure
Metamaterials have sub-wavelength structures designed to manipulate EM waves in ways natural materials cannot. Applications: superlenses, cloaking, compact antennas. Active research area in photonics and acoustics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
Extreme event attribution studies use climate models to determine:
- Future climate projections
- Human influence on specific extreme events
- Carbon budget calculations
- Sea-level rise rates
Answer: Human influence on specific extreme events
Attribution science quantifies how climate change altered likelihood/intensity of events (heatwaves, floods). Informs loss/damage discussions, adaptation planning. Indian institutions (IITM, NCMRWF) contribute to regional attribution. [[MoES Reports]]
Gene drives use CRISPR to bias inheritance, increasing the frequency of a trait in a population. They are being researched for controlling ________ vectors.
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Mosquito
- Fungal
Answer: Mosquito
Gene drives could spread malaria-resistance genes or suppress Anopheles populations. High potential but raises ecological/ethical concerns. Strict biosafety protocols under DBT guidelines govern research in India. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
The ITER project, in which India is a partner, aims to demonstrate net energy gain from nuclear fusion using which fuel cycle?
- Deuterium-Deuterium
- Deuterium-Tritium
- Proton-Boron
- Helium-3-Deuterium
Answer: Deuterium-Tritium
ITER (France) uses D-T fusion: D + T → He + n + 17.6 MeV. Requires plasma at 150 million °C confined by magnetic fields (tokamak). Success would pave way for commercial fusion power. India contributes critical components. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
6G networks are envisioned to integrate communication with ________ for immersive experiences.
- Sensing
- Computing
- AI
- All of these
Answer: All of these
6G (2030+) aims for convergence of communication, sensing, computing, and AI: holographic telepresence, tactile internet, ubiquitous intelligence. Requires breakthroughs in THz tech, materials, energy efficiency. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]
CAR-T therapy engineers a patient's T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors targeting:
- Bacterial antigens
- Viral proteins
- Tumor-specific antigens
- Autoantigens
Answer: Tumor-specific antigens
CAR-T cells recognize cancer cell surface markers (e.g., CD19 in B-cell malignancies), triggering targeted destruction. Personalized immunotherapy with high response rates in refractory cancers. Approved for certain leukemias/lymphomas. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in mRNA vaccines protect the mRNA and facilitate its entry into cells via ________.
- Diffusion
- Endocytosis
- Osmosis
- Active transport
Answer: Endocytosis
LNPs fuse with cell membranes or are internalized via endocytosis; endosomal escape releases mRNA into cytoplasm for translation. Key innovation enabling mRNA vaccine efficacy and stability. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Atomic clocks used in GPS satellites rely on the hyperfine transition of ________ atoms for precise timekeeping.
- Hydrogen
- Cesium
- Rubidium
- Strontium
Answer: Cesium
Cesium-133 hyperfine transition (9,192,631,770 Hz) defines the SI second. Atomic clocks enable GPS positioning accuracy (~5-10 m). Next-gen optical clocks (Sr, Yb) promise 100x improvement. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, ISRO Reports]]
Non-invasive BCIs typically use which technique to record brain activity?
- Electrocorticography (ECoG)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Functional MRI
- Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Answer: Electroencephalography (EEG)
EEG places electrodes on scalp to detect electrical activity from neuronal populations. Portable, low-cost, real-time; used in neurofeedback, prosthetics control, communication aids for locked-in patients. [[NCERT Biology Class 11, DBT Reports]]
Neuromorphic chips mimic the human brain's architecture using ________ to process information efficiently.
- Transistors
- Memristors
- Capacitors
- Inductors
Answer: Memristors
Memristors (memory resistors) emulate synaptic plasticity, enabling low-power, parallel processing for AI tasks. Applications: edge AI, robotics, brain-machine interfaces. India's National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems supports R&D. [[MeitY, DST Reports]]
Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology removes CO₂ directly from:
- Flue gases
- Ambient air
- Ocean water
- Soil
Answer: Ambient air
DAC uses chemical sorbents to capture CO₂ from atmosphere (~400 ppm), enabling negative emissions. Energy-intensive but crucial for hard-to-abate sectors. India's National Carbon Capture Program supports R&D. [[MoEFCC, DST Reports]]
Liquid biopsy for cancer detection primarily analyzes which component in blood?
- Red blood cells
- Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
- Platelets
- White blood cells
Answer: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
ctDNA fragments released by tumors into bloodstream carry tumor-specific mutations. Liquid biopsy enables non-invasive cancer detection, monitoring treatment response, and identifying resistance mechanisms. Emerging tool in precision oncology. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Organoids are 3D miniaturized versions of organs grown from ________ cells that mimic key structural and functional properties.
- Prokaryotic
- Stem
- Epithelial
- Blood
Answer: Stem
Organoids derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells self-organize into tissue-like structures. Used for disease modeling (e.g., brain, gut, liver), drug screening, and personalized medicine. Ethical alternative to animal testing. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
AlphaFold, developed by DeepMind, uses deep learning to predict the ________ structure of proteins.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Answer: Tertiary
AlphaFold predicts 3D protein structures from amino acid sequences with atomic accuracy, revolutionizing structural biology. Critical for rational drug design, understanding disease mechanisms, and enzyme engineering. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) aims to study atmospheric neutrinos using a magnetized iron calorimeter detector.
- True
- False
Answer: True
INO (proposed in Theni, Tamil Nadu) will house a 50-kton ICAL detector to study neutrino mass hierarchy and oscillation parameters. Neutrinos are elusive particles that can reveal fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Gravitational waves were first directly detected by which observatory?
- LIGO
- VIRGO
- GEO600
- KAGRA
Answer: LIGO
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) made the first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015 (announced 2016), confirming Einstein's 1916 prediction. Waves originated from merging black holes 1.3 billion light-years away. Nobel Prize in Physics 2017. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]
Which organization leads the global One Health initiative in collaboration with FAO, UNEP, and WHO?
- World Bank
- OIE (WOAH)
- UNICEF
- IMF
Answer: OIE (WOAH)
WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health, formerly OIE) co-leads the Quadripartite One Health partnership with FAO, UNEP, WHO. Addresses zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, food safety at human-animal-environment interface. [[WHO, MoHFW Reports]]
Which technique is best suited for determining the crystal structure of a solid compound?
- IR Spectroscopy
- NMR Spectroscopy
- X-ray Diffraction
- Mass Spectrometry
Answer: X-ray Diffraction
XRD analyzes diffraction patterns of X-rays scattered by crystal lattice, revealing atomic arrangement, unit cell parameters, phase identification. Fundamental for materials characterization. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) use organic dyes to absorb light and generate electricity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DSSCs mimic photosynthesis: dye molecules absorb photons, inject electrons into TiO₂ semiconductor, regenerated by electrolyte. Low-cost, flexible alternative to silicon PV; active research area. [[MNRE Reports]]
In a p-n junction diode, the depletion region forms due to:
- Diffusion of majority carriers
- Drift of minority carriers
- Recombination of electrons and holes
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Depletion region: majority carriers diffuse across junction, recombine, leaving immobile ions. Creates built-in potential barrier. Fundamental to diode rectification, transistor operation. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]